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Jeremiah

About this book
Chapter 22

1 The Lord told me, “Go down to the palace of the king of Judah. Give him a message from me there. 2 Say: ‘Listen, O king of Judah who follows in David’s succession. You, your officials, and your subjects who pass through the gates of this palace must listen to the Lord’s message. 3 The Lord says, “Do what is just and right. Deliver those who have been robbed from those who oppress them.⁠ Do not exploit or mistreat resident foreigners who live in your land, children who have no fathers, or widows.⁠ Do not kill innocent people in this land. 4 If you are careful to obey these commands, then the kings who follow in David’s succession and ride in chariots or on horses will continue to come through the gates of this palace, as will their officials and their subjects. 5 But, if you do not obey these commands, I solemnly swear that this palace will become a pile of rubble. I, the Lord, affirm it!”’ 6 “For the Lord says concerning the palace of the king of Judah, “‘This place looks like a veritable forest of Gilead to me. It is like the wooded heights of Lebanon in my eyes. But I swear that I will make it like a wilderness whose towns have all been deserted. 7 I will send men against it to destroy it with their axes and hatchets. They will hack up its fine cedar panels and columns and throw them into the fire.⁠ 8 “‘People from other nations will pass by this city. They will ask one another, “Why has the Lord done such a thing to this great city?”⁠ 9 The answer will come back, “It is because they broke their covenant with the Lord their God and worshiped and served other gods.” 10 “‘Do not weep for the king who was killed. Do not grieve for him. But weep mournfully for the king who has gone into exile. For he will never return to see his native land again. 11 “‘For the Lord has spoken about Shallum son of Josiah, who succeeded his father as king of Judah but was carried off into exile. He has said, “He will never return to this land. 12 For he will die in the country where they took him as a captive. He will never see this land again.” 13 “‘Sure to be judged is the king who builds his palace using injustice and treats people unfairly while adding its upper rooms. He makes his countrymen work for him for nothing. He does not pay them for their labor. 14 He says, “I will build myself a large palace with spacious upper rooms.” He cuts windows in its walls, panels it with cedar, and paints its rooms red. 15 Does it make you any more of a king that you outstrip everyone else in building with cedar? Just think about your father. He was content that he had food and drink. He did what was just and right. So things went well with him. 16 He upheld the cause of the poor and needy.⁠ So things went well for Judah.’ The Lord says, ‘That is a good example of what it means to know me. 17 But you are always thinking and looking for ways to increase your wealth by dishonest means. Your eyes and your heart are set on killing some innocent person and committing fraud and oppression.’” 18 So the Lord has this to say about Josiah’s son, King Jehoiakim of Judah: “People will not mourn for him, saying, ‘This makes me sad, my brother! This makes me sad, my sister!’ They will not mourn for him, saying, ‘Poor, poor lord! Poor, poor majesty!’ 19 He will be left unburied just like a dead donkey. His body will be dragged off and thrown outside the gates of Jerusalem. 20 “People of Jerusalem, go up to Lebanon and cry out in mourning. Go to the land of Bashan and cry out loudly. Cry out in mourning from the mountains of Moab. For your allies have all been defeated. 21 While you were feeling secure I gave you warning. But you said, ‘I refuse to listen to you.’ That is the way you have acted from your earliest history onward. Indeed, you have never paid attention to me. 22 My judgment will carry off all your leaders like a storm wind! Your allies will go into captivity. Then you will certainly be disgraced and put to shame because of all the wickedness you have done. 23 You may feel as secure as a bird nesting in the cedars of Lebanon. But O how you will groan when the pains of judgment come on you. They will be like those of a woman giving birth to a baby.” 24 The Lord says, “As surely as I am the living God, you, Jeconiah, king of Judah, son of Jehoiakim, will not be a signet rign on my right hand.43⁠ Indeed, I will take that right away from you. 25 I will hand you over to those who want to take your life and of whom you are afraid. I will hand you over to King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon and his Babylonian soldiers. 26 I will force you and your mother who gave you birth into exile. You will be exiled to a country where neither of you were born, and you will both die there. 27 You will never come back to this land that you will long to return to! 28 “This man, Jeconiah, will be like a broken pot someone threw away. He will be like a clay vessel that no one wants. Why will he and his children be forced into exile? Why will they be thrown out into a country they know nothing about? 29 O Land, land, land of Judah! Listen to the Lord’s message.” 30 The Lord says, “Enroll this man in the register as though he were childless. Enroll him as a man who will not enjoy success during his lifetime. For none of his sons will succeed in occupying the throne of David⁠ or ever succeed in ruling over Judah.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Code of Hammurabi i 27 and Jeremiah 22:3

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Hammurabi’s prologue claims divine appointment to execute justice and destroy evildoers. Jeremiah delivers the same demand to Judah’s royal house, warning that its survival depends on doing what is just and right.

Passages

Code of Hammurabi i 27

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Babylonian Legal Text
When Anu the Sublime, king of the Anunaki, and Bel, the lord of heaven and earth, who decrees the fate of the land, assigned to Marduk, the ruling son of Ea, god of righteousness, dominion over earthly man, and made him great among the Igigi. They called Babylon by his illustrious name, made it great on earth, and founded in it an everlasting kingdom whose foundations are laid as solidly as those of heaven and earth. Then Anu and Bel called me by name: Hammurabi, the exalted prince, who revered the gods, to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil-doers. So that the strong should not harm the weak, so that I should rule over the black-headed people like Shamash and enlighten the land, and further the well-being of mankind. I am Hammurabi, the prince called by Bel, who heaped up riches and plenty, who enriched Nippur and Dur-ilu beyond compare, the sublime patron of E-kur, who restored Eridu and purified the worship of E-apsu. Who conquered the four quarters of the world, made the name of Babylon great, and rejoiced the heart of Marduk his lord, who daily pays devotion in Saggil, the royal heir whom Sin made.
1750 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Code of Hammurabi

Jeremiah 22:3

Hebrew Bible
1 The Lord told me, “Go down to the palace of the king of Judah. Give him a message from me there. 2 Say: ‘Listen, O king of Judah who follows in David’s succession. You, your officials, and your subjects who pass through the gates of this palace must listen to the Lord’s message. 3 The Lord says, “Do what is just and right. Deliver those who have been robbed from those who oppress them. Do not exploit or mistreat resident foreigners who live in your land, children who have no fathers, or widows. Do not kill innocent people in this land. 4 If you are careful to obey these commands, then the kings who follow in David’s succession and ride in chariots or on horses will continue to come through the gates of this palace, as will their officials and their subjects. 5 But, if you do not obey these commands, I solemnly swear that this palace will become a pile of rubble. I, the Lord, affirm it!”’
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jeremiah

References

“... In the ancient Near East generally, the king was both lawgiver and judge. In Israel, however, laws were not promulgated by the king but by Yahweh. But the king did possess judicial powers, as de Vaux points out, and was, in fact, a judge. In the capacity of judge, he had a solemn obligation to see that justice reigned in the land and was himself expected to execute justice (Psalm 72). Justice was also expected from kings in neighboring cultures. The Prologue to the Code of Hammurabi (circa 1700 B.C.) begins by stating that Hammurabi had been named by the gods Anum and Enlil to cause justice to prevail in the land to destroy the wicked and the evil that the strong might not oppress the weak. At the end, Hammurabi states that he did precisely this. A Neo-Babylonian text tells similarly of a king contemporary with Jeremiah who restored justice when the social order was in complete collapse. ...”
Jack R. Lundbom, Jeremiah 21-36: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, AB 21B (New York: Doubleday, 2004), 112.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Code of Hammurabi i 27 and Jeremiah 22:3

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