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Jeremiah

About this book
Chapter 16

1 The Lord’s message came to me, 2 “Do not get married and do not have children here in this land. 3 For I, the Lord, tell you what will happen to the children who are born here in this land and to the men and women who are their mothers and fathers. 4 They will die of deadly diseases. No one will mourn for them. They will not be buried. Their dead bodies will lie like manure spread on the ground. They will be killed in war or die of starvation. Their corpses will be food for the birds and wild animals.⁠ 5 “Moreover I, the Lord, tell you: ‘Do not go into a house where they are having a funeral meal.⁠ Do not go there to mourn and express your sorrow for them. For I have stopped showing them my good favor, my love, and my compassion. I, the Lord, so affirm it! 6 Rich and poor alike will die in this land. They will not be buried or mourned. People will not cut their bodies or shave off their hair to show their grief for them.⁠ 7 No one will take any food to those who mourn for the dead to comfort them.⁠ No one will give them any wine to drink to console them for the loss of their father or mother. 8 “‘Do not go to a house where people are feasting and sit down to eat and drink with them either. 9 For I, the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, the God of Israel, tell you what will happen. I will put an end to the sounds of joy and gladness, to the glad celebration of brides and grooms in this land. You and the rest of the people will live to see this happen.’ 10 “When you tell these people about all this, they will undoubtedly ask you, ‘Why has the Lord threatened us with such great disaster? What wrong have we done? What sin have we done to offend the Lord our God?’ 11 Then tell them that the Lord says, ‘It is because your ancestors rejected me and paid allegiance to other gods. They have served them and worshiped them. But they have rejected me and not obeyed my law. 12 And you have acted even more wickedly than your ancestors! Each one of you has followed the stubborn inclinations of your own wicked heart and not obeyed me. 13 So I will throw you out of this land into a land that neither you nor your ancestors have ever known. There you must worship other gods day and night, for I will show you no mercy.’ 14 “Yet I, the Lord, say: ‘A new time will certainly come. People now affirm their oaths with “I swear as surely as the Lord lives who delivered the people of Israel out of Egypt.”⁠ 15 But in that time they will affirm them with “I swear as surely as the Lord lives who delivered the people of Israel from the land of the north and from all the other lands where he had banished them.” At that time I will bring them back to the land I gave their ancestors. 16 “But for now I, the Lord, say: ‘I will send many enemies who will catch these people like fishermen. After that I will send others who will hunt them out like hunters from all the mountains, all the hills, and the crevices in the rocks. 17 For I see everything they do. Their wicked ways are not hidden from me. Their sin is not hidden away where I cannot see it. 18 Before I restore them I will punish them in full for their sins and the wrongs they have done. For they have polluted my land with the lifeless statues of their disgusting idols. They have filled the land I have claimed as my own with their detestable idols.’ 19 Then I said, “Lord, you give me strength and protect me. You are the one I can run to for safety when I am in trouble. Nations from all over the earth will come to you and say, ‘Our ancestors had nothing but false gods—worthless idols that could not help them at all.’ 20 Can people make their own gods? No, what they make are not gods at all.” 21 The Lord said, “So I will now let this wicked people know—I will let them know my mighty power in judgment. Then they will know that my name is the Lord.

Texts in conversation

Compare KTU 1.20 I:1 and Jeremiah 16:5

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Jeremiah 16 forbids entering a marzeah, a communal feast for mourning the dead. The Ugaritic text KTU describes this kind of gathering, where the heroic dead and divinities eat and drink together.

Passages

KTU 1.20 I:1

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
The Rephaim will feast, seven times the divinities, eight times the dead. […] the divinities […] like […] As the assembly draws near on a summer’s day, the divinities will eat, they will drink. […] [the Rephaim] will drink The gods of the nut-groves, which is over the slaughter of sacrificial lambs. […] they sacrifice lambs […]
1350–1185 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in KTU

Jeremiah 16:5

Hebrew Bible
4 They will die of deadly diseases. No one will mourn for them. They will not be buried. Their dead bodies will lie like manure spread on the ground. They will be killed in war or die of starvation. Their corpses will be food for the birds and wild animals. 5 “Moreover I, the Lord, tell you: ‘Do not go into a house where they are having a funeral meal. Do not go there to mourn and express your sorrow for them. For I have stopped showing them my good favor, my love, and my compassion. I, the Lord, so affirm it! 6 Rich and poor alike will die in this land. They will not be buried or mourned. People will not cut their bodies or shave off their hair to show their grief for them. 7 No one will take any food to those who mourn for the dead to comfort them. No one will give them any wine to drink to console them for the loss of their father or mother.
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jeremiah

References

“... In 1960, André Caquot was among the first to make the broad connections among the Ugaritic mrzḥ, the Mesopotamian/Syrian kispu, and the sacrifice for the spirit of Panammuwa in KAI 214. Greenfield followed, and Pope enthusiastically agreed, consolidating some earlier comments in a 1980 article which adjudged: ‘Despite unfounded skepticism in some quarters, there is scant reason to doubt that the West Semitic Marzeah was a feast for and with the departed ancestors.’ According to Pope, the Ugaritic Rephaim were ‘the spirits, ghosts, or shades of the departed deified ancestors who were wined and dined in communal meals with the family, the revered ancestors and the great gods. This funeral feast, corresponding to the Mesopotamian kispu, was ... the Marzeah of the Bible.’ ...”
Christopher B. Hays, Death in the Iron Age II and in First Isaiah (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2011), 116.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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KTU 1.20 I:1 and Jeremiah 16:5

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