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James

About this book
Chapter 4

1 Where do the conflicts and where do the quarrels among you come from? Is it not from this, from your passions that battle inside you? 2 You desire and you do not have; you murder and envy and you cannot obtain; you quarrel and fight. You do not have because you do not ask; 3 you ask and do not receive because you ask wrongly, so you can spend it on your passions. 4 Adulterers, do you not know that friendship with the world means hostility toward God?⁠ So whoever decides to be the world’s friend makes himself God’s enemy. 5 Or do you think the scripture means nothing when it says, “The spirit that God caused to live within us has an envious yearning”?⁠ 6 But he gives greater grace. Therefore it says, “God opposes the proud, but he gives grace to⁠ the humble.”⁠ 7 So submit to God. But resist the devil and he will flee from you.⁠ 8 Draw near to God and he will draw near to you. Cleanse your hands, you sinners, and make your hearts pure, you double-minded. 9 Grieve, mourn, and weep. Turn your laughter into mourning and your joy into despair. 10 Humble yourselves before the Lord and he will exalt you. 11 Do not speak against one another, brothers and sisters. He who speaks against a fellow believer or judges a fellow believer speaks against the law and judges the law. But if you judge the law, you are not a doer of the law but its judge. 12 But there is only one who is lawgiver and judge—the one who is able to save and destroy. On the other hand, who are you to judge your neighbor? 13 Come now, you who say, “Today or tomorrow we will go into this or that town and spend a year there and do business and make a profit.”⁠ 14 You do not know about tomorrow. What is your life like? For you are a puff of smoke that appears for a short time and then vanishes.⁠ 15 You ought to say instead, “If the Lord is willing, then we will live and do this or that.” 16 But as it is, you boast about your arrogant plans. All such boasting is evil. 17 So whoever knows what is good to do and does not do it is guilty of sin.

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Enoch 108:9 and James 4:14

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · New Testament

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Summary

James describes life as a mist that vanishes quickly, echoing 1 Enoch 108 where the righteous regard everything as a passing breath. Both texts use this common language to position themselves in continuity with Israel's wisdom tradition.

Passages

1 Enoch 108:9

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
8 They loved God and loved neither gold nor silver nor any of the good things in the world, but gave over their bodies to torture. 9 Since they came into being, they did not long after earthly food, but regarded everything as a passing breath, and lived accordingly, and the Lord tested them greatly, and their spirits were found pure, so that they should bless His name. 10 All the blessings destined for them I have recounted in the books. And He has assigned them their reward, because they were found to be such as loved heaven more than their life in the world, and though they were trampled underfoot by wicked men, and experienced abuse and reviling from them and were put to shame, yet they blessed Me.
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

James 4:14

New Testament
13 Come now, you who say, “Today or tomorrow we will go into this or that town and spend a year there and do business and make a profit.” 14 You do not know about tomorrow. What is your life like? For you are a puff of smoke that appears for a short time and then vanishes. 15 You ought to say instead, “If the Lord is willing, then we will live and do this or that.”
80–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in James

References

"... James shares much with Proverbs, as well. James, like Proverbs, wants readers to acquire wisdom and regards wisdom's source as God and its character as ethical. Twice James quotes from Proverbs (James 4:6; 5:20). There are also several allusions: Proverbs 2:3–6 (get wisdom) has an echo in James 1:5; Proverbs 27:21 (on being tested) can be seen behind James 1:3; James 2:6 reflects the concern for respecting the poor also seen in Proverbs 14:21; Proverbs 16:27 has the same concern for the tongue seen in James 3:6; and James 4:14 has an echo of Proverbs 27:1; other parallels may be seen. But these parallels also may be found in other Jewish literature. If James was alluding to these passages from Proverbs, he was likely doing so only unconsciously. Rather unlike Proverbs, on the other hand, James speaks with a voice resembling that of the Old Testament prophets at points ..."
Dan McCartney, Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament: James (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2009), 45.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Enoch 108:9 and James 4:14

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