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James

About this book
Chapter 3

1 Not many of you should become teachers, my brothers and sisters, because you know that we will be judged more strictly. 2 For we all stumble in many ways. If someone does not stumble in what he says, he is a perfect individual, able to control the entire body as well.⁠ 3 And if we put bits into the mouths of horses to get them to obey us, then we guide their entire bodies. 4 Look at ships too: Though they are so large and driven by harsh winds, they are steered by a tiny rudder wherever the pilot’s inclination directs. 5 So, too, the tongue is a small part of the body, yet it has great pretensions. Think how small a flame sets a huge forest ablaze.⁠ 6 And the tongue is a fire! The tongue represents the world of wrongdoing among the parts of our bodies. It pollutes the entire body and sets fire to the course of human existence—and is set on fire by hell.⁠ 7 For every kind of animal, bird, reptile, and sea creature is subdued and has been subdued by humankind. 8 But no human being can subdue the tongue; it is a restless evil, full of deadly poison.⁠ 9 With it we bless the Lord and Father, and with it we curse people made in God’s image.⁠ 10 From the same mouth come blessing and cursing. These things should not be so, my brothers and sisters. 11 A spring does not pour out fresh water and bitter water from the same opening, does it? 12 Can a fig tree produce olives, my brothers and sisters, or a vine produce figs? Neither can a salt water spring produce fresh water. 13 Who is wise and understanding among you? By his good conduct he should show his works done in the gentleness that wisdom brings.⁠ 14 But if you have bitter jealousy and selfishness in your hearts, do not boast and tell lies against the truth. 15 Such wisdom does not come from above but is earthly, natural, demonic. 16 For where there is jealousy and selfishness, there is disorder and every evil practice. 17 But the wisdom from above is first pure, then peaceable, gentle, accommodating, full of mercy and good fruit, impartial, and not hypocritical. 18 And the fruit that consists of righteousness is planted in peace among those who make peace.

Texts in conversation

Compare James 3:9 and Pirkei Avot 3:14

New Testament · Rabbinic

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Summary

Rabbinic tradition in Pirkei Avot teaches that every person is loved because each was created in the image of God. James draws on a similar tradition, warning that we should not curse people who are made in God’s likeness.

Passages

James 3:9

New Testament
8 But no human being can subdue the tongue; it is a restless evil, full of deadly poison. 9 With it we bless the Lord and Father, and with it we curse people made in God’s image. 10 From the same mouth come blessing and cursing. These things should not be so, my brothers and sisters.
80–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in James

Pirkei Avot 3:14

Rabbinic · Mishnah
13 Rabbi Akiva said: Merriment and frivolity accustom one to sexual licentiousness; Tradition is a fence to the Torah; Tithes are a fence to wealth; Vows are a fence to abstinence; A fence to wisdom is silence. 14 He used to say: Beloved is man, for he was created in the image of God. Especially beloved is he, for it was made known to him that he had been created in the image of God, as it is said: "for in the image of God He made man" (Genesis 9:6). Beloved are Israel, in that they were called children to the All-Present. Especially beloved are they, for it was made known to them that they are called children of the All-Present, as it is said: "you are children to the Lord your God" (Deuteronomy 14:1). Beloved are Israel, in that a precious vessel was given to them. Especially beloved are they, for it was made known to them that the desirable instrument with which the world had been created was given to them, as it is said: "for I give you good instruction; forsake not my teaching" (Proverbs 4:2). 15 Everything is foreseen, yet freedom of choice is granted. The world is judged with goodness, and everything depends on the preponderance of deeds.
190–230 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pirkei Avot

References

... These 'ways' of behavior, in turn, are explicitly attached to religious motivations that also resemble those in James. The observance of the law is taking on the yoke of the kingdom (Pirke Aboth 3:5), and gives the one who observes it a sort of kingship (Pirke Aboth 6:1 = James 2:8). Humans are created in the image of God (Pirke Aboth 3:15 = James 3:9), and God is both their creator and their judge (Pirke Aboth 2:21; 4:22 = James 4:12), who judges the world by mercy (Pirke Aboth 3:16 = James 2:13). Both 'heavy' and 'light' commandments must be observed (Pirke Aboth 2:1; 4:11; see especially 4:2 = James 2:10–11). Abraham is called 'our father' (Pirke Aboth 5:2, 19 = James 2:21) and the ten trials of Abraham—including the binding of Isaac—are listed (Pirke Aboth 5:3 = James 2:21). ...
Luke Timothy Johnson, The Letter of James: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary (New York: Doubleday, 1995), 35.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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James 3:9 and Pirkei Avot 3:14

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