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James

About this book
Chapter 2

1 My brothers and sisters, do not show prejudice if you possess faith in our glorious Lord Jesus Christ.⁠ 2 For if someone comes into your assembly wearing a gold ring and fine clothing, and a poor person enters in filthy clothes, 3 do you pay attention to the one who is finely dressed and say, “You sit here in a good place,” and to the poor person, “You stand over there,” or “Sit on the floor”? 4 If so, have you not made distinctions among yourselves and become judges with evil motives? 5 Listen, my dear brothers and sisters! Did not God choose the poor in the world to be rich in faith and heirs of the kingdom that he promised to those who love him? 6 But you have dishonored the poor! Are not the rich oppressing you and dragging you into the courts? 7 Do they not blaspheme the good name of the one you belong to? 8 But if you fulfill the royal law as expressed in this scripture, “You shall love your neighbor as yourself,” you are doing well.⁠ 9 But if you show prejudice, you are committing sin and are convicted by the law as violators. 10 For the one who obeys the whole law but fails in one point has become guilty of all of it.⁠ 11 For he who said, “Do not commit adultery,” also said, “Do not murder.” Now if you do not commit adultery but do commit murder, you have become a violator of the law. 12 Speak and act as those who will be judged by a law that gives freedom.⁠ 13 For judgment is merciless for the one who has shown no mercy.⁠ But mercy triumphs over judgment.⁠ 14 What good is it, my brothers and sisters, if someone claims to have faith but does not have works? Can this kind of faith save him? 15 If a brother or sister is poorly clothed and lacks daily food, 16 and one of you says to them, “Go in peace, keep warm and eat well,” but you do not give them what the body needs, what good is it? 17 So also faith, if it does not have works, is dead being by itself. 18 But someone will say, “You have faith and I have works.” Show me your faith without works and I will show you faith by my works. 19 You believe that God is one; well and good. Even the demons believe that—and tremble with fear. 20 But would you like evidence, you empty fellow, that faith without works is useless? 21 Was not Abraham our father justified by works when he offered Isaac his son on the altar?⁠ 22 You see that his faith was working together with his works and his faith was perfected by works. 23 And the scripture was fulfilled that says, “Now Abraham believed God and it was counted to him for righteousness,” and he was called God’s friend.⁠ 24 You see that a person is justified by works and not by faith alone. 25 And similarly, was not Rahab the prostitute also justified by works when she welcomed the messengers and sent them out by another way?⁠ 26 For just as the body without the spirit is dead, so also faith without works is dead.

Texts in conversation

Compare Philo, On Abraham 273 and James 2:23

Classical · New Testament

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Summary

Philo describes God speaking with Abraham “as one friend with another,” echoing a Jewish tradition. James uses the same tradition when he calls Abraham “the friend of God,” the only place this title for Abraham appears in the New Testament.

Passages

Philo, On Abraham 273

Classical
272 In truth the wise man is the first man in the human race; he is what a pilot is in a ship, a governor in a city, a general in war, the soul in the body, or the mind in the soul; or again, what the heaven is in the world, and what God is in the heaven. 273 And God, admiring this man for his faith (pistis) in him, gave him a pledge (pistis) in return, namely, an oath confirming the gifts he had promised him, and no longer spoke with him as God might with man, but as one friend with another. For he says, "By myself I have sworn," that is, by him whose word is an oath, so that Abraham's mind may be established still more firmly and immovably than before. 274 The virtuous man is and should be called the elder and the first; the foolish man is the younger and the last, since he pursues only objects that belong to rebellious youth and that are placed in the lowest rank.
20–50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Philo, On Abraham

James 2:23

New Testament
22 You see that his faith was working together with his works and his faith was perfected by works. 23 And the scripture was fulfilled that says, “Now Abraham believed God and it was counted to him for righteousness,” and he was called God’s friend. 24 You see that a person is justified by works and not by faith alone.
80–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in James

References

... When compared with the Jewish exegetical tradition that relates Genesis 15:6 to the Akedah, Abraham 273 seems to be idiosyncratic, in that it makes evident the correspondence between Abraham's conduct of trust in God with the conduct of God's trust / faithfulness in terms of the oath given to him in return from God. Moreover, as in Abraham 273 (‘He no longer talked with him as God with man but as a friend with a familiar’), the authors of 1 Clement 10:1 and James 2:23 have likewise employed the exegetical motif of calling Abraham God's ‘friend’. Thus, Abraham has been called a friend in order to indicate that Abraham's friendship is based on the faithfulness he shares with God. The concept of Abraham as God's friend then goes along with the exegetical motifs of Abraham's faithfulness and the oath granted to him in terms of God's corresponding conduct of faithfulness, probably because of the common exegetical tradition that combined Genesis 15:6 and Genesis 22 in various ways ...
Per Jarle Bekken, Paul's Negotiation of Abraham in Galatians 3 in the Jewish Context: The Galatian Converts—Lineal Descendants of Abraham and Heirs of the Promise (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2021), 79–80.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Philo, On Abraham 273 and James 2:23

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