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James

About this book
Chapter 2

1 My brothers and sisters, do not show prejudice if you possess faith in our glorious Lord Jesus Christ.⁠ 2 For if someone comes into your assembly wearing a gold ring and fine clothing, and a poor person enters in filthy clothes, 3 do you pay attention to the one who is finely dressed and say, “You sit here in a good place,” and to the poor person, “You stand over there,” or “Sit on the floor”? 4 If so, have you not made distinctions among yourselves and become judges with evil motives? 5 Listen, my dear brothers and sisters! Did not God choose the poor in the world to be rich in faith and heirs of the kingdom that he promised to those who love him? 6 But you have dishonored the poor! Are not the rich oppressing you and dragging you into the courts? 7 Do they not blaspheme the good name of the one you belong to? 8 But if you fulfill the royal law as expressed in this scripture, “You shall love your neighbor as yourself,” you are doing well.⁠ 9 But if you show prejudice, you are committing sin and are convicted by the law as violators. 10 For the one who obeys the whole law but fails in one point has become guilty of all of it.⁠ 11 For he who said, “Do not commit adultery,” also said, “Do not murder.” Now if you do not commit adultery but do commit murder, you have become a violator of the law. 12 Speak and act as those who will be judged by a law that gives freedom.⁠ 13 For judgment is merciless for the one who has shown no mercy.⁠ But mercy triumphs over judgment.⁠ 14 What good is it, my brothers and sisters, if someone claims to have faith but does not have works? Can this kind of faith save him? 15 If a brother or sister is poorly clothed and lacks daily food, 16 and one of you says to them, “Go in peace, keep warm and eat well,” but you do not give them what the body needs, what good is it? 17 So also faith, if it does not have works, is dead being by itself. 18 But someone will say, “You have faith and I have works.” Show me your faith without works and I will show you faith by my works. 19 You believe that God is one; well and good. Even the demons believe that—and tremble with fear. 20 But would you like evidence, you empty fellow, that faith without works is useless? 21 Was not Abraham our father justified by works when he offered Isaac his son on the altar?⁠ 22 You see that his faith was working together with his works and his faith was perfected by works. 23 And the scripture was fulfilled that says, “Now Abraham believed God and it was counted to him for righteousness,” and he was called God’s friend.⁠ 24 You see that a person is justified by works and not by faith alone. 25 And similarly, was not Rahab the prostitute also justified by works when she welcomed the messengers and sent them out by another way?⁠ 26 For just as the body without the spirit is dead, so also faith without works is dead.

Texts in conversation

Compare Jubilees 19:9 and James 2:23

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions · New Testament

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Summary

Jubilees says that Abraham's name is written on the heavenly tablets as the friend of God, a title he earns by passing his tests. James also calls Abraham God’s friend but connects this to his faith, proven when he offered Isaac.

Passages

Jubilees 19:9

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
8 This is the tenth test through which Abraham was tested, and he was found faithful, patient in spirit. 9 And he did not say a single word regarding the report in the land that God had said that He would give it to him and to his descendants after him, and he begged a place there to bury his dead; for he was found faithful, and was recorded on the heavenly tablets as the friend of God. 10 And in the fourth year of it [2027] he took a wife for his son Isaac and her name was Rebekah [the daughter of Bethuel, the son of Nahor, the brother of Abraham] the sister of Laban and daughter of Bethuel; and Bethuel was the son of Melca, who was the wife of Nahor, the brother of Abraham.
170–125 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jubilees

James 2:23

New Testament
22 You see that his faith was working together with his works and his faith was perfected by works. 23 And the scripture was fulfilled that says, “Now Abraham believed God and it was counted to him for righteousness,” and he was called God’s friend. 24 You see that a person is justified by works and not by faith alone.
80–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in James

References

... The Book of Jubilees, where the theme of Abraham as the friend or lover of God, faithful and longsuffering in trial, occurs in a highly developed form (see Jubilees 17:15-19:9), is frequently cited as an early parallel for James. It is to be noted, however, that there is no reference in Jubilees to the notion that Abraham was designated a friend of God specifically on account of the Akedah. Even before this event Abraham was regarded as a faithful lover of God in heavenly circles, according to the author of Jubilees (17:15), who stresses that God already acknowledged Abraham to be ‘faithful and a lover of the Lord’ on account of his preceding trials (17:17-18), the purpose of the Akedah being primarily to refute the allegations of Mastema (compare Sanhedrin 89b, cited by Rashi on Genesis 22:1) ...
Irving Jacobs, “The Midrashic Background for James II. 21–3,” NTS 22.4 (1976): 457–459.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Jubilees 19:9 and James 2:23

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