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Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 9

1 The gloom will be dispelled for those who were anxious. In earlier times he humiliated the land of Zebulun, and the land of Naphtali; but now he brings honor to the way of the sea, the region beyond the Jordan, and Galilee of the nations.⁠ 2 (9:1) The people walking in darkness see a bright light; light shines on those⁠ who live in a land of deep darkness.⁠ 3 You have enlarged the nation; you give them great joy. They rejoice in your presence as harvesters rejoice; as warriors celebrate when they divide up the plunder. 4 For their oppressive yoke and the club that strikes their shoulders, the cudgel the oppressor uses on them, you have shattered, as in the day of Midian’s defeat. 5 Indeed every boot that marches and shakes the earth and every garment dragged through blood is used as fuel for the fire. 6 For a child has been born to us, a son has been given to us. He shoulders responsibility and is called Wonderful Adviser, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace.⁠ 7 His dominion will be vast, and he will bring immeasurable prosperity. He will rule on David’s throne and over David’s kingdom, establishing it and strengthening it by promoting justice and fairness, from this time forward and forevermore. The zeal of the Lord of Heaven’s Armies will accomplish this. 8 The Lord decreed judgment on Jacob, and it fell on Israel. 9 All the people were aware of it, the people of Ephraim and those living in Samaria. Yet with pride and an arrogant attitude, they said, 10 “The bricks have fallen, but we will rebuild with chiseled stone; the sycamore fig trees have been cut down, but we will replace them with cedars.”⁠ 11 Then the Lord provoked their adversaries to attack them, he stirred up their enemies— 12 Syria from the east, and the Philistines from the west; they gobbled up Israelite territory. Despite all this, his anger does not subside, and his hand is ready to strike again. 13 The people did not return to the one who struck them, they did not seek reconciliation with the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. 14 So the Lord cut off Israel’s head and tail, both the shoots and stalk in one day. 15 The leaders and the highly respected people are the head, the prophets who teach lies are the tail. 16 The leaders of this nation were misleading people, and the people being led were destroyed. 17 So the Lord was not pleased with their young men, he took no pity on their orphans and widows; for the whole nation was godless and did wicked things, every mouth was speaking disgraceful words. Despite all this, his anger does not subside, and his hand is ready to strike again. 18 For evil burned like a fire, it consumed thorns and briers; it burned up the thickets of the forest, and they went up in smoke. 19 Because of the anger of the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, the land was scorched, and the people became fuel for the fire. People had no compassion on one another. 20 They devoured on the right, but were still hungry; they ate on the left, but were not satisfied. People even ate the flesh of their own arm! 21 Manasseh fought against Ephraim, and Ephraim against Manasseh; together they fought against Judah. Despite all this, his anger does not subside, and his hand is ready to strike again.

Texts in conversation

Compare KTU 1.10 III:35 and Isaiah 9:6

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Isaiah uses the language of birth announcements also found in Ugaritic stories, giving its promised ruler's arrival the significance of a divine birth.

Passages

KTU 1.10 III:35

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
[…] the bull […] […] the bull […] She goes and soars […] among the lovely, among the [beautiful]. A cow, a cow […] she bears a bull […] and a wild ox for […] She embraces the [cow], she embraces the cow […] and covers him with her breast. He goes up […] […] […] she goes up on the mountain, […] on the mountain of victory, and she goes up […] to Arar, into Arar and into Sapan, into the pleasant place, on the mountain of victory. Aloud to Baal she proclaims: “Good news, El! Good news, Baal! And good news, scion of Dagan: a bull is born to Baal, and a wild ox to the Rider on the Clouds.” Mighty Baal rejoices.
1350–1185 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in KTU

Isaiah 9:6

Hebrew Bible
6 For a child has been born to us, a son has been given to us. He shoulders responsibility and is called Wonderful Adviser, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace. 7 His dominion will be vast, and he will bring immeasurable prosperity. He will rule on David’s throne and over David’s kingdom, establishing it and strengthening it by promoting justice and fairness, from this time forward and forevermore. The zeal of the Lord of Heaven’s Armies will accomplish this. 8 The Lord decreed judgment on Jacob, and it fell on Israel. 9 All the people were aware of it, the people of Ephraim and those living in Samaria. Yet with pride and an arrogant attitude, they said, 10 “The bricks have fallen, but we will rebuild with chiseled stone; the sycamore fig trees have been cut down, but we will replace them with cedars.”
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

References

“... 57. Ug. kyld.bn.ly. This can be translated in one of two ways. 'For a son will be born to me', as future (thus, e.g., Gaster 1961: 338; Jirku 1962: 118; Aistleitner 1964: 69; Gibson 1978: 105; del Olmo 1981a: 372; de Moor 1987: 231; Margalit 1989a: 146; Aitken 1990: 35; Pardee 1997c: 345); or 'for a son is (or has been) born to me' as past (thus, e.g., Virolleaud 1936d: 198; Driver 1956: 51; Ginsberg 1969: 150; Caquot and Sznycer 1974: 425; Husser 1996: 90). As Husser points out, this is a well-known birth formula. He cites KTU 1.10 iii 36-37, Jer. 20.15, Isa. 9.5, and similar wording in KTU 1.23.52-53; Job 3.3; Lk. 2.10-11. Cf. Parker (1988). Husser notes (p. 91) that the 'love-scene' narrative would have occurred in the lacuna between cols. i and ii, and so would the event of the hirth. ...”
N. Wyatt, Religious Texts from Ugarit, 2nd ed. (London: Sheffield Academic, 2006), 264.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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KTU 1.10 III:35 and Isaiah 9:6

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