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Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 8

1 The Lord told me, “Take a large tablet and inscribe these words on it with an ordinary stylus: ‘Maher Shalal Hash Baz.’ 2 Then I will summon as my reliable witnesses Uriah the priest and Zechariah son of Jeberekiah.” 3 I then approached the prophetess for marital relations; she conceived and gave birth to a son. The Lord told me, “Name him Maher Shalal Hash Baz, 4 for before the child knows how to cry out ‘My father’ or ‘My mother,’ the wealth of Damascus and the plunder of Samaria will be carried off by the king of Assyria.” 5 The Lord spoke to me again: 6 “These people have rejected the gently flowing waters of Shiloah and melt in fear over Rezin and the son of Remaliah. 7 So look, the Lord is bringing up against them the turbulent and mighty waters of the Euphrates River—the king of Assyria and all his majestic power. It will reach flood stage and overflow its banks.⁠ 8 It will spill into Judah, flooding and engulfing, as it reaches to the necks of its victims. He will spread his wings out over your entire land, O Immanuel.”⁠ 9 You will be broken, O nations; you will be shattered! Pay attention, all you distant lands of the earth. Get ready for battle, and you will be shattered! Get ready for battle, and you will be shattered! 10 Devise your strategy, but it will be thwarted. Issue your orders, but they will not be executed! For God is with us! 11 Indeed this is what the Lord told me quite forcefully. He warned me not to act like these people: 12 “Do not say, ‘Conspiracy,’ every time these people say the word. Don’t be afraid of what scares them; don’t be terrified. 13 You must recognize the authority of the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. He is the one you must respect; he is the one you must fear. 14 He will become a sanctuary, but a stone that makes a person trip and a rock that makes one stumble—to⁠ the two houses of Israel. He will become a trap and a snare to the residents of Jerusalem. 15 Many will stumble over the stone and the rock, and will fall and be seriously injured, and will be ensnared and captured.” 16 Tie up the testimony32, seal the official record of God’s instructions,⁠ and give it to my followers.⁠ 17 I will wait patiently for the Lord, who has rejected the family of Jacob; I will wait for him. 18 Look, I and the sons whom the Lord has given me are reminders and object lessons in Israel, sent from the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, who lives on Mount Zion. 19 They will say to you, “Seek oracles at the pits used to conjure up underworld spirits, from the magicians who chirp and mutter incantations.⁠ Should people not seek oracles from their gods, by asking the dead about the destiny of the living?”⁠ 20 Then you must recall the Lord’s instructions and the prophetic testimony of what would happen. Certainly they say such things because their minds are spiritually darkened. 21 They will pass through the land destitute and starving. Their hunger will make them angry, and they will curse their king and their God as they look upward. 22 When one looks out over the land, he sees distress and darkness, gloom and anxiety, darkness and people forced from the land.

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 8:19 and 1 Samuel 28:13

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

1 Samuel 28 and Isaiah 8 both refer to the dead using the term “elohim,” which typically means God or other divine beings. In 1 Samuel, the summoned figure of Samuel is called an “elohim,” while Isaiah uses it to tell people not to consult the dead.

Passages

Isaiah 8:19

Hebrew Bible
18 Look, I and the sons whom the Lord has given me are reminders and object lessons in Israel, sent from the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, who lives on Mount Zion. 19 They will say to you, “Seek oracles at the pits used to conjure up underworld spirits, from the magicians who chirp and mutter incantations. Should people not seek oracles from their gods, by asking the dead about the destiny of the living?” 20 Then you must recall the Lord’s instructions and the prophetic testimony of what would happen. Certainly they say such things because their minds are spiritually darkened.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

1 Samuel 28:13

Hebrew Bible
12 When the woman saw Samuel, she cried out loudly. The woman said to Saul, “Why have you deceived me? You are Saul!” 13 The king said to her, “Don’t be afraid! But what have you seen?” The woman replied to Saul, “I have seen a divine being coming up from the ground!” 14 He said to her, “What about his appearance?” She said, “An old man is coming up! He is wrapped in a robe!” Then Saul realized it was Samuel, and he bowed his face toward the ground and kneeled down.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Samuel

References

"... The term elohim can refer to the divine assembly as a whole, as in Psalm 82:1, discussed above, but it has other uses as well. Specifically, Burnett argues that the term is used in Psalm 8:6 to refer to a class of divinities lower than Yahweh. Van der Toorn also notes its metaphorical use for Moses in Exodus 4:16 and 7:1 and for the king in Psalm 45:7; these would presumably reflect the “superhuman” use of the term as well. This may also be the sense in Zechariah 12:8, where the house of David is compared to an elohim, constructed in parallel with the angel of Yahweh. Elsewhere elohim can refer to the dead, most famously in 1 Samuel 28:3-25, where the ghost of Samuel appears to Saul. This is probably also the case in Isaiah 8:19, where the people consult the dead on behalf of the living. Van der Toorn has suggested that Micah 3:7 and 2 Samuel 14:16 may also refer to the dead ..."
Esther J. Hamori, When Gods Were Men: The Embodied God in Biblical and Near Eastern Literature (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2008), 123–124.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Isaiah 8:19 and 1 Samuel 28:13

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