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Isaiah

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Chapter 47

1 “Fall down! Sit in the dirt, O virgin daughter Babylon! Sit on the ground, not on a throne, O daughter of the Babylonians! Indeed, you will no longer be called delicate and pampered. 2 Pick up millstones and grind flour. Remove your veil, strip off your skirt, expose your legs, cross the streams. 3 Let your naked body be exposed. Your shame will be on display!⁠ I will get revenge; I will not have pity on anyone,”⁠ 4 says our Protector—the Lord of Heaven’s Armies is his name, the Holy One of Israel. 5 “Sit silently! Go to a hiding place, O daughter of the Babylonians! Indeed, you will no longer be called ‘Queen of kingdoms.’ 6 I was angry at my people; I defiled my special possession and handed them over to you. You showed them no mercy; you even placed a very heavy burden on old people. 7 You said, ‘I will rule forever as permanent queen!’ You did not think about these things; you did not consider how it would turn out. 8 So now, listen to this, O one who lives so lavishly, who lives securely, who says to herself, ‘I am unique! No one can compare to me!⁠ I will never have to live as a widow; I will never lose my children.’ 9 Both of these will come upon you suddenly, in one day! You will lose your children and be widowed. You will be overwhelmed by these tragedies, despite your many incantations and your numerous amulets. 10 You were complacent in your evil deeds; you thought, ‘No one sees me.’ Your self-professed wisdom and knowledge lead you astray, when you say, ‘I am unique! No one can compare to me!’ 11 Disaster will overtake you; you will not know how to charm it away. Destruction will fall on you; you will not be able to appease it. Calamity will strike you suddenly, before you recognize it. 12 Persist in trusting your amulets and your many incantations, which you have faithfully recited since your youth! Maybe you will be successful—maybe you will scare away disaster.⁠ 13 You are tired out from listening to so much advice. Let them take their stand—the ones who see omens in the sky, who gaze at the stars, who make monthly predictions—let⁠ them rescue you from the disaster that is about to overtake you! 14 Look, they are like straw that the fire burns up; they cannot rescue themselves from the heat of the flames.⁠ There are no coals to warm them, no firelight to enjoy. 15 They will disappoint you, those you have so faithfully dealt with since your youth. Each strays off in his own direction, leaving no one to rescue you.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 4:19 and Isaiah 47:13

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Summary

Deuteronomy 4:32 reflects a theological tradition where the heavenly host are gods assigned to other nations, but Israel is set apart to God. Isaiah 47 mirrors this by criticizing those who rely on these heavenly stars for omens and predictions.

Passages

Deuteronomy 4:19

Hebrew Bible
18 anything that crawls on the ground, or any fish in the deep waters under the earth. 19 When you look up to the sky and see the sun, moon, and stars—the whole heavenly host—you must not be seduced to worship and serve them, for the Lord your God has assigned them to all the people of the world. 20 You, however, the Lord has selected and brought from Egypt, that iron-smelting furnace, to be his special people as you are today.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Isaiah 47:13

Hebrew Bible
12 Persist in trusting your amulets and your many incantations, which you have faithfully recited since your youth! Maybe you will be successful—maybe you will scare away disaster. 13 You are tired out from listening to so much advice. Let them take their stand—the ones who see omens in the sky, who gaze at the stars, who make monthly predictions—let them rescue you from the disaster that is about to overtake you! 14 Look, they are like straw that the fire burns up; they cannot rescue themselves from the heat of the flames. There are no coals to warm them, no firelight to enjoy.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

References

"... Although heaven is deemed the primary dwelling-place of Israel’s God, Israelites are thus dissuaded from contemplating heaven, the sun, the moon, and stars, lest they be tempted to ‘be led astray, and bow down to them, and serve them’ (Deuteronomy 4:19; compare also 2 Kings 23:4; Isaiah 47:13; Amos 5:26-27). So, too, with Sheol: even as allusions to the realm attest the belief that it lies below the earth, as a destination for the dead (e.g. Genesis 37:35; 42:38; 44:29, 31), the redacted Pentateuch discourages further inquiry through the association of the dead and their places with practices condemned as ‘foreign’ and abhorrent (e.g. Deuteronomy 14:1; 18:10–11; compare Numbers 16:20–33) ..."
Annette Yoshiko Reed, “Enoch, Eden, and the Beginnings of Jewish Cosmography,” in The Cosmography of Paradise: The Other World from Ancient Mesopotamia to Medieval Europe, ed. Alessandro Scafi, Warburg Institute Colloquia 27 (2016), 67–94.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 4:19 and Isaiah 47:13

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