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Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 45

1 “This is what the Lord says to his chosen one, to Cyrus, whose right hand I hold in order to subdue nations before him, and disarm kings,⁠ to open doors before him so gates remain unclosed:⁠ 2 ‘I will go before you and level mountains. Bronze doors I will shatter and iron bars I will hack through. 3 I will give you hidden treasures, riches stashed away in secret places, so you may recognize that I am the Lord, the one who calls you by name, the God of Israel. 4 For the sake of my servant Jacob, Israel, my chosen one, I call you by name and give you a title of respect, even though you do not submit to me. 5 I am the Lord, I have no peer, there is no God but me. I arm you for battle, even though you do not recognize me. 6 I do this so people will recognize from east to west that there is no God but me;⁠ I am the Lord, I have no peer. 7 I am the one who forms light and creates darkness; the one who brings about peace and creates calamity. I am the Lord, who accomplishes all these things. 8 O sky, rain down from above! Let the clouds send down showers of deliverance! Let the earth absorb it so salvation may grow and deliverance may sprout up along with it. I, the Lord, create it.’” 9 One who argues with his Creator is in grave danger, one who is like a mere shard among the other shards on the ground! The clay should not say to the potter, “What in the world are you doing? Your work lacks skill!”⁠ 10 Danger awaits one who says to his father, “What in the world are you fathering?” and to his mother, “What in the world are you bringing forth?” 11 This is what the Lord says, the Holy One of Israel, the one who formed him, concerning things to come: “How dare you question me about my children! How dare you tell me what to do with the work of my own hands! 12 I made the earth; I created the people who live on it. It was me—my hands stretched out the sky. I give orders to all the heavenly lights.⁠ 13 It is me—I stir him up and commission him; I will make all his ways level. He will rebuild my city; he will send my exiled people home, but not for a price or a bribe, ”says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. 14 This is what the Lord says: “The profit of Egypt and the revenue of Ethiopia, along with the Sabeans, those tall men, will be brought to you and become yours. They will walk behind you, coming along in chains. They will bow down to you and pray to you: ‘Truly God is with you; he has no peer; there is no other God!’” 15 Yes, you are a God who keeps hidden, O God of Israel, deliverer! 16 They will all be ashamed and embarrassed; those who fashion idols will all be humiliated. 17 Israel will be delivered once and for all by the Lord; you will never again be ashamed or humiliated. 18 For this is what the Lord says, the one who created the sky— he is the true God, the one who formed the earth and made it; he established it, he did not create it without order, he formed it to be inhabited:⁠ “I am the Lord, I have no peer. 19 I have not spoken in secret, in some hidden place. I did not tell Jacob’s descendants, ‘Seek me in vain!’ I am the Lord, the one who speaks honestly, who makes reliable announcements.⁠ 20 Gather together and come! Approach together, you refugees from the nations. Those who carry wooden idols know nothing, those who pray to a god that cannot deliver.⁠ 21 Tell me! Present the evidence! Let them consult with one another. Who predicted this in the past? Who announced it beforehand? Was it not I, the Lord? I have no peer, there is no God but me, a God who vindicates and delivers; there is none but me. 22 Turn to me so you can be delivered, all you who live in the earth’s remote regions! For I am God, and I have no peer. 23 I solemnly make this oath—what I say is true and reliable: ‘Surely every knee will bow to me, every tongue will solemnly affirm; 24 they will say about me, “Yes, the Lord is a powerful deliverer.”’” All who are angry at him will cower before him.⁠ 25 All the descendants of Israel will be vindicated by the Lord and will boast in him.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 45:1 and 2 Chronicles 36:23

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Isaiah and 2 Chronicles present Cyrus of Persia as a figure who enables Israel’s restoration, as Isaiah calls him “messiah,” a term used for present or future Israelite kings. 2 Chronicles unusually depicts this foreign king as serving the God of Israel.

Passages

Isaiah 45:1

Hebrew Bible
1 “This is what the Lord says to his chosen one, to Cyrus, whose right hand I hold in order to subdue nations before him, and disarm kings, to open doors before him so gates remain unclosed: 2 ‘I will go before you and level mountains. Bronze doors I will shatter and iron bars I will hack through. 3 I will give you hidden treasures, riches stashed away in secret places, so you may recognize that I am the Lord, the one who calls you by name, the God of Israel.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

2 Chronicles 36:23

Hebrew Bible
20 He deported to Babylon all who escaped the sword. They served him and his sons until the Persian kingdom rose to power. 21 This took place to fulfill the Lord’s message spoken through Jeremiah and lasted until the land experienced its sabbatical years. All the time of its desolation the land rested in order to fulfill the seventy years. 22 In the first year of King Cyrus of Persia, in fulfillment of the Lord’s message spoken through Jeremiah, the Lord motivated King Cyrus of Persia to issue a proclamation throughout his kingdom and also to put it in writing. It read: 23 “This is what King Cyrus of Persia says: ‘The Lord God of heaven has given me all the kingdoms of the earth. He has appointed me to build a temple for him in Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Anyone of his people among you may go up there, and may the Lord his God be with him.’”
400–301 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Chronicles

References

"... King of Persia; conquered Babylon (539 BCE). The Hebrew Bible ends with his proclamation that the exiled people of Judah could return home and rebuild their Temple (2 Chronicles 36:23); he was therefore acclaimed in prophetic circles as YHWH’s own Messiah, that is, anointed one (Isaiah 45:1) ..."
Robert Goldenberg, The Origins of Judaism: From Canaan to the Rise of Islam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 229.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Isaiah 45:1 and 2 Chronicles 36:23

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