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Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 28

1 The splendid crown of Ephraim’s drunkards is doomed, the withering flower, its beautiful splendor, situated at the head of a rich valley, the crown of those overcome with wine. 2 Look, the Lord sends a strong, powerful one. With the force of a hailstorm or a destructive windstorm, with the might of a driving, torrential rainstorm, he will knock that crown to the ground with his hand. 3 The splendid crown of Ephraim’s drunkards will be trampled underfoot. 4 The withering flower, its beautiful splendor, situated at the head of a rich valley, will be like an early fig before harvest—as soon as someone notices it, he grabs it and swallows it. 5 At that time the Lord of Heaven’s Armies will become a beautiful crown⁠ and a splendid diadem for the remnant of his people. 6 He will give discernment to the one who makes judicial decisions and strength to those who defend the city from attackers. 7 Even these men stagger because of wine; they stumble around because of beer—priests and prophets stagger because of beer, they are confused because of wine, they stumble around because of beer; they stagger while seeing prophetic visions, they totter while making legal decisions. 8 Indeed, all the tables are covered with vomit, with filth, leaving no clean place. 9 Who is the Lord trying to teach? To whom is he explaining a message? To those just weaned from milk! To those just taken from their mother’s breast!⁠ 10 Indeed, they will hear meaningless gibberish, senseless babbling, a syllable here, a syllable there. 11 For with mocking lips and a foreign tongue he will speak to these people.⁠ 12 In the past he said to them, “This is where security can be found. Provide security for the one who is exhausted. This is where rest can be found.” But they refused to listen. 13 So the Lord’s message to them will sound like meaningless gibberish, senseless babbling, a syllable here, a syllable there. As a result, they will fall on their backsides when they try to walk, and be injured, ensnared, and captured. 14 Therefore, listen to the Lord’s message, you who mock, you rulers of these people who reside in Jerusalem. 15 For you say, “We have made a treaty with death, with Sheol we have made an agreement. When the overwhelming judgment sweeps by it will not reach us. For we have made a lie our refuge, we have hidden ourselves in a deceitful word.”⁠ 16 Therefore, this is what the Sovereign Lord, says: “Look, I am laying a stone in Zion, an approved stone,⁠ set in place as a precious cornerstone for the foundation.⁠ The one who maintains his faith will not panic.⁠ 17 I will make justice the measuring line, fairness the plumb line; hail will sweep away the unreliable refuge, the floodwaters will overwhelm the hiding place. 18 Your treaty with death will be dissolved; your agreement with Sheol will not last.⁠ When the overwhelming judgment sweeps by, you will be overrun by it. 19 Whenever it sweeps by, it will overtake you; indeed, every morning it will sweep by, it will come through during the day and the night.” When this announcement is understood, it will cause nothing but terror. 20 For the bed is too short to stretch out on, and the blanket is too narrow to wrap around oneself. 21 For the Lord will rise up, as he did at Mount Perazim;⁠ he will rouse himself, as he did in the Valley of Gibeon,⁠ to accomplish his work, his peculiar work, to perform his task, his strange task. 22 So now, do not mock, or your chains will become heavier! For I have heard a message about decreed destruction, from the Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies against the entire land. 23 Pay attention and listen to my message. Be attentive and listen to what I have to say! 24 Does a farmer just keep on plowing at planting time? Does he keep breaking up and harrowing his ground? 25 Once he has leveled its surface, does he not scatter the seed of the caraway plant, sow the seed of the cumin plant, and plant the wheat, barley, and grain in their designated places?⁠ 26 His God instructs him; he teaches him the principles of agriculture. 27 Certainly caraway seed is not threshed with a sledge, nor is the wheel of a cart rolled over cumin seed. Certainly caraway seed is beaten with a stick and cumin seed with a flail. 28 Grain is crushed, though one certainly does not thresh it forever. The wheel of one’s wagon rolls over it, but his horses do not crush it. 29 This also comes from the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, who gives supernatural guidance and imparts great wisdom.

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 28:16 and Jonathan Isaiah 28:16

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In Isaiah 28, God lays a tested stone in Zion as a sure foundation for the faithful. The Aramaic Targum interprets the building image as God appointing a king in Zion, mighty and powerful, as it does with other stone passages.

Passages

Isaiah 28:16

Hebrew Bible
15 For you say, “We have made a treaty with death, with Sheol we have made an agreement. When the overwhelming judgment sweeps by it will not reach us. For we have made a lie our refuge, we have hidden ourselves in a deceitful word.” 16 Therefore, this is what the Sovereign Lord, says: “Look, I am laying a stone in Zion, an approved stone, set in place as a precious cornerstone for the foundation. The one who maintains his faith will not panic. 17 I will make justice the measuring line, fairness the plumb line; hail will sweep away the unreliable refuge, the floodwaters will overwhelm the hiding place.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Jonathan Isaiah 28:16

Targum
15 Because you say, “We have made a covenant with death and have made peace with the destroyer”; you say, when the blow of the enemy comes upon you like an overwhelming river, “It will not come upon us, because we have placed our confidence in a lie and have hidden ourselves under falsehood.” 16 Therefore thus says the Lord GOD, “I appoint a King in Zion, a King mighty, powerful, and awesome; I will make Him powerful, and I will strengthen Him,” says the prophet. But the righteous who believe these things will not be moved when distress comes. 17 And I will make judgment straight as a builder’s line, and justice as a plummet, because you would hide yourselves. And my justice will burn against the confidence of your lie; and because you would hide yourselves from the coming distress, the nations will lead you into captivity.
200–300 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonathan Isaiah

References

“... The Zion text of Isa. 28:16 is interpreted within the Qumran community in ecclesiological terms and associated directly with the community itself. The community of Qumran saw itself as the new eschatological community that God was to establish at the end of time. In like fashion to the New Testament community in 1 Pet. 2:4–8, the community of Qumran also understood itself as a spiritual house. In neither the ‘Rule of the Community’ (1QS) nor the ‘Thanksgiving Scroll’ (1QHa), two extremely important documents left to posterity by the Qumran community, is the stone referred to in the Zion text of Isa. 28:16 given a Messianic interpretation. The rendition of Isa. 28:16 found in the Isaiah Targum (Targum Jonathan), on the other hand, alludes explicitly to a strong, mighty and terrible king whom yhwh shall install on Mount Zion. This is in line with a tendency observable within the Isaiah Targum that associates the expectation of Israel's restoration with the Messiah. Such a Messianic interpretation of the stone referred to in Isa. 28:16 exhibits a degree of kinship with the way in which the Targum is similarly able to link the stone mentioned in Ps. 118:22 with the ascendance of King David. Targumic explanations such as these serve to reinforce the suspicion that the Messianic explanation of the Old Testament ‘stone texts’ already enjoyed a pre-Christian heritage. A number of passages from the Midrash likewise point in this direction. ...”
Jaap Dekker, Zion’s Rock-Solid Foundations: An Exegetical Study of the Zion Text in Isaiah 28:16, trans. Brian Doyle, OtSt 54 (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 33.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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