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Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 22

1 This is an oracle about the Valley of Vision: What is the reason that all of you go up to the rooftops? 2 The noisy city is full of raucous sounds; the town is filled with revelry. Your slain were not cut down by the sword; they did not die in battle. 3 All your leaders ran away together—they fled to a distant place; all your refugees were captured together—they were captured without a single arrow being shot. 4 So I say: “Don’t look at me! I am weeping bitterly. Don’t try to console me concerning the destruction of my defenseless people.” 5 For the Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies has planned a day of panic, defeat, and confusion. In the Valley of Vision people shout and cry out to the hill. 6 The Elamites picked up the quiver and came with chariots and horsemen; the men of Kir prepared the shield. 7 Your very best valleys were full of chariots; horsemen confidently took their positions at the gate. 8 They removed the defenses of Judah. At that time you looked for the weapons in the House of the Forest. 9 You saw the many breaks in the walls of the City of David; you stored up water in the lower pool. 10 You counted the houses in Jerusalem and demolished houses so you could have material to reinforce the wall. 11 You made a reservoir between the two walls for the water of the old pool—but you did not trust in the one who made it; you did not depend on the one who formed it long ago. 12 At that time the Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies called for weeping and mourning, for shaved heads and sackcloth.⁠ 13 But look, there is outright celebration! You say, “Kill the ox and slaughter the sheep, eat meat and drink wine. Eat and drink, for tomorrow we die!” 14 The Lord of Heaven’s Armies told me this: “Certainly this sin will not be forgiven as long as you live,”⁠ says the Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies.⁠ 15 This is what the Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies says: “Go visit this administrator, Shebna, who supervises the palace, and tell him: 16 ‘What right do you have to be here? What relatives do you have buried here? Why do you chisel out a tomb for yourself here? He chisels out his burial site in an elevated place, he carves out his tomb on a cliff. 17 Look, the Lord will throw you far away, you mere man! He will wrap you up tightly. 18 He will wind you up tightly into a ball and throw you into a wide, open land. There you will die, and there with you will be your impressive chariots, which bring disgrace to the house of your master. 19 I will remove you from your office; you will be thrown down from your position. 20 “‘At that time I will summon my servant Eliakim, son of Hilkiah. 21 I will put your robe on him, tie your belt around him, and transfer your authority to him. He will become a protector of the residents of Jerusalem and of the people of Judah. 22 I will place the key to the house of David on his shoulder.⁠ When he opens the door, no one can close it; when he closes the door, no one can open it.⁠ 23 I will fasten him like a peg into a solid place; he will bring honor and respect to his father’s family. 24 His father’s family will gain increasing prominence because of him, including the offspring and the offshoots. All the small containers, including the bowls and all the jars, will hang from this peg.’ 25 “At that time,” says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, “the peg fastened into a solid place will come loose. It will be cut off and fall, and the load hanging on it will be cut off.” Indeed, the Lord has spoken.

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 22:22 and Jonathan Isaiah 22:22

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In Isaiah 22, the key of the house of David is placed on the shoulder of Eliakim, the official who replaces Shebna. The Aramaic Targum hands him the key of the sanctuary and the rule of the house of David, making him both priest and king.

Passages

Isaiah 22:22

Hebrew Bible
21 I will put your robe on him, tie your belt around him, and transfer your authority to him. He will become a protector of the residents of Jerusalem and of the people of Judah. 22 I will place the key to the house of David on his shoulder. When he opens the door, no one can close it; when he closes the door, no one can open it. 23 I will fasten him like a peg into a solid place; he will bring honor and respect to his father’s family.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Jonathan Isaiah 22:22

Targum
21 And I will clothe him with your robe, and bind your sash on him, and I will commit your authority into his hand, and he will be a prince to the inhabitants of Jerusalem and to the house of Judah. 22 And I will place the key of the house of the sanctuary and the government of the house of David in his hand; he will open, and none will shut; he will shut, and none will open. 23 And I will appoint him as a faithful chief governor, an officer in a secure place, and he will be a glorious throne to his father’s house.
200–300 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonathan Isaiah

References

“... Our final example involves a longer text than the previous brief quotations. In Isaiah 22:15–25, the prophet addresses a corrupt official named Shebna, the king's chief of staff. Isaiah tells him that he will be replaced by someone named Eliakim (vv. 20–21). Isaiah gives a job description of Eliakim's position (v. 22) and predicts that he will perform his duties honorably (v. 23). However, Eliakim will eventually be overwhelmed by his ever increasing responsibilities (v. 24) and will fail at them (v. 25). [...] The targum revises this passage in two important ways. First, it completely rewrites Eliakim's job description, in three particulars: (a) He will have religious authority (“the key to the temple”) in addition to a political position; (b) the “key of the house of David” becomes the “rule of the house of David”; thus the position of the king's executive officer turns into the kingship itself; (c) he will be appointed to the office of “trustee.” The targum thus makes Eliakim both chief priest and ruler. ...”
Robert J. Miller, Helping Jesus Fulfill Prophecy (Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2016), 95.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Isaiah 22:22 and Jonathan Isaiah 22:22

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