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Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 19

1 This is an oracle about Egypt: Look, the Lord rides on a swift-moving cloud and approaches Egypt.⁠ The idols of Egypt tremble before him; the Egyptians lose their courage.⁠ 2 “I will provoke civil strife in Egypt: brothers will fight with one another, as will neighbors, cities, and kingdoms. 3 The Egyptians will panic, and I will confuse their strategy. They will seek guidance from the idols and from the spirits of the dead, from the pits used to conjure up underworld spirits, and from the magicians.⁠ 4 I will hand Egypt over to a harsh master; a powerful king will rule over them, ”says the Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies. 5 The water of the sea will be dried up, and the river will dry up and be empty. 6 The canals will stink; the streams of Egypt will trickle and then dry up; the bulrushes and reeds will decay, 7 along with the plants by the mouth of the river. All the cultivated land near the river will turn to dust and be blown away. 8 The fishermen will mourn and lament; all those who cast a fishhook into the river, and those who spread out a net on the water’s surface will grieve. 9 Those who make clothes from combed flax will be embarrassed; those who weave will turn pale. 10 Those who make cloth will be demoralized; all the hired workers will be depressed. 11 The officials of Zoan are nothing but fools; Pharaoh’s wise advisers give stupid advice. How dare you say to Pharaoh, “I am one of the sages, one well versed in the writings of the ancient kings”? 12 But where, oh where, are your wise men? Let them tell you, let them find out what the Lord of Heaven’s Armies has planned for Egypt. 13 The officials of Zoan are fools, the officials of Memphis are misled; the rulers of her tribes lead Egypt astray. 14 The Lord has made them undiscerning; they lead Egypt astray in all she does, so that she is like a drunk sliding around in his own vomit. 15 Egypt will not be able to do a thing, head or tail, shoots or stalk. 16 At that time the Egyptians will be like women.⁠ They will tremble and fear because the Lord of Heaven’s Armies brandishes his fist against them. 17 The land of Judah will humiliate Egypt. Everyone who hears about Judah will be afraid because of what the Lord of Heaven’s Armies is planning to do to them. 18 At that time five cities in the land of Egypt will speak the language of Canaan and swear allegiance to the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. One will be called the City of the Sun.⁠ 19 At that time there will be an altar for the Lord in the middle of the land of Egypt, as well as a sacred pillar dedicated to the Lord at its border. 20 It will become a visual reminder in the land of Egypt of the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. When they cry out to the Lord because of oppressors, he will send them a deliverer and defender who will rescue them. 21 The Lord will reveal himself to the Egyptians, and they will acknowledge the Lord’s authority at that time. They will present sacrifices and offerings; they will make vows to the Lord and fulfill them. 22 The Lord will strike Egypt, striking and then healing them. They will turn to the Lord, and he will listen to their prayers and heal them.⁠ 23 At that time there will be a highway from Egypt to Assyria. The Assyrians will visit Egypt, and the Egyptians will visit Assyria. The Egyptians and Assyrians will worship together. 24 At that time Israel will be the third member of the group, along with Egypt and Assyria, and will be a recipient of blessing in the earth. 25 The Lord of Heaven’s Armies will pronounce a blessing over the earth, saying, “Blessed be my people, Egypt, and the work of my hands, Assyria, and my special possession, Israel!”⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 19:16 and The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon §§90–93

Hebrew Bible · Ancient Near East, Assyrian

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Summary

In the Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon, the gods are asked to shame an oath-breaker to make them appear like a woman in front of his enemy. Isaiah echoes this tradition, describing the Egyptians as like women trembling in fear of God in defeat.

Passages

Isaiah 19:16

Hebrew Bible
14 The Lord has made them undiscerning; they lead Egypt astray in all she does, so that she is like a drunk sliding around in his own vomit. 15 Egypt will not be able to do a thing, head or tail, shoots or stalk. 16 At that time the Egyptians will be like women. They will tremble and fear because the Lord of Heaven’s Armies brandishes his fist against them. 17 The land of Judah will humiliate Egypt. Everyone who hears about Judah will be afraid because of what the Lord of Heaven’s Armies is planning to do to them.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon §§90–93

Ancient Near East, Assyrian · Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty (SAA 2 6)
612A ([If you should sin against] this [treaty] of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, [and of] his sons and grandsons,) ditto; just as this chariot is drenched with blood up to its base-board, so may your chariots be drenched with your own blood in the midst of your enemy. 616A May all the gods who are called by name in this treaty tablet spin you around like a spindle-whorl, may they make you like a woman before your enemy. 618A May all the gods who are mentioned by name in this treaty tablet make you, your brothers, your sons, and your daughters go backward like a crab. 621 May they make evil and wicked things surround you like fire.
672 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon

References

“... Wildberger (2:732) finds this notice surprising, because the OT otherwise knows nothing about women being especially fearful, but the feminization of warriors is a standard feature in treaty curses in the ancient Near East, as a passage from the treaty between Ashurnirari V of Assyria and Mati'ilu of Arpad indicates: "If Mati'ilu sins against this treaty . . . may Mati'ilu become a prostitute, his soldiers women, . . . may Mati'ilu's (seed) be that of a mule, his wives barren, may Ishtar, the goddess of men, the lady of women, take away their "bow," cause their [steri]lity . . . (ANET, 3rd ed., 533). Note also from Esarhaddon's treaty of succession: "May all the gods who are called by name in this treaty tablet spin you around like a spindle-whorl, may they make you like a woman before your enemy" (S. Parpola and K. Watanabe, Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths [SAA 2; Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 1988] 56, lines 616-17). Moreover, the disparagement of warriors as fearful "women" is still present in the Middle East in contemporary Arab culture. ...”
Jimmy J. M. Roberts, First Isaiah: A Commentary (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2015), 262 n. 21.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Isaiah 19:16 and The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon §§90–93

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