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Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 1

1 Here is the message about Judah and Jerusalem that was revealed to Isaiah son of Amoz during the time when Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah reigned over Judah. 2 Listen, O heavens, pay attention, O earth!⁠ For the Lord speaks: “I raised children, I brought them up, but they have rebelled against me!⁠ 3 An ox recognizes its owner, a donkey recognizes where its owner puts its food; but Israel does not recognize me, my people do not understand.”⁠ 4 Beware sinful nation, the people weighed down by evil deeds. They are offspring who do wrong, children who do wicked things. They have abandoned the Lord, and rejected the Holy One of Israel. They are alienated from him. 5 Why do you insist on being battered? Why do you continue to rebel? Your head has a massive wound, your whole heart is sick. 6 From the soles of your feet to your head, there is no spot that is unharmed. There are only bruises, cuts, and open wounds. They have not been cleansed or bandaged, nor have they been treated with olive oil. 7 Your land is devastated, your cities burned with fire. Right before your eyes your crops are being destroyed by foreign invaders. They leave behind devastation and destruction. 8 Daughter Zion is left isolated, like a hut in a vineyard or a shelter in a cucumber field; she is a besieged city. 9 If the Lord of Heaven’s Armies had not left us⁠ a few survivors, we would have quickly been like Sodom, we would have become like Gomorrah. 10 Listen to the Lord’s message, you leaders of Sodom! Pay attention to our God’s rebuke, people of Gomorrah! 11 “Of what importance to me are your many sacrifices?” says the Lord. “I have had my fill of burnt sacrifices, of rams and the fat from steers. The blood of bulls, lambs, and goats I do not want.⁠ 12 When you enter my presence, do you actually think I want this—animals trampling on my courtyards? 13 Do not bring any more meaningless offerings; I consider your incense detestable! You observe new moon festivals, Sabbaths, and convocations, but I cannot tolerate sin-stained celebrations!⁠ 14 I hate your new moon festivals and assemblies; they are a burden that I am tired of carrying.⁠ 15 When you spread out your hands in prayer, I look the other way; when you offer your many prayers, I do not listen because your hands are covered with blood. 16 Wash! Cleanse yourselves! Remove your sinful deeds from my sight. Stop sinning.⁠ 17 Learn to do what is right. Promote justice.⁠ Give the oppressed reason to celebrate. Take up the cause of the orphan. Defend the rights of the widow.⁠ 18 “Come, let’s consider your options,” says the Lord. “Though your sins have stained you like the color red, you can become white like snow;⁠ though they are as easy to see as the color scarlet, you can become white like wool. 19 If you have a willing attitude and obey, then you will again eat the good crops of the land. 20 But if you refuse and rebel, you will be devoured by the sword.” Know for certain that the Lord has spoken. 21 How tragic that the once-faithful city has become a prostitute!⁠ She was once a center of justice; fairness resided in her—but now only murderers! 22 Your silver has become scum,⁠ your beer is diluted with water. 23 Your officials are rebels, they associate with thieves. All of them love bribery, and look for payoffs. They do not take up the cause of the orphan or defend the rights of the widow. 24 Therefore, the Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies, the Powerful One of Israel, says this: “Ah, I will seek vengeance against my adversaries, I will take revenge against my enemies. 25 I will attack you; I will purify your metal with flux. I will remove all your slag. 26 I will reestablish honest judges as in former times, wise advisers as in earlier days. Then you will be called, ‘The Just City, Faithful Town.’”⁠ 27 Zion will be freed by justice and her returnees by righteousness. 28 All rebellious sinners will be shattered, those who abandon the Lord will perish. 29 Indeed, they will be ashamed of the sacred trees you find so desirable; you will be embarrassed because of the sacred orchards where you choose to worship. 30 For you will be like a tree whose leaves wither, like an orchard that is unwatered. 31 The powerful will be like a thread of yarn, their deeds like a spark; both will burn together, and no one will put out the fire.

Texts in conversation

Compare Code of Hammurabi xlvii 59 and Isaiah 1:17

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Isaiah echoes the protection of widows and orphans described in the Code of Hammurabi, demanding the justice expected of ancient Near Eastern rulers from people whose worship hides their mistreatment of the vulnerable.

Passages

Code of Hammurabi xlvii 59

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Babylonian Legal Text
The great gods have called me. I am the shepherd who brings salvation, whose staff is straight, the good shadow spread over my city. I carry the inhabitants of the land of Sumer and Akkad on my breast; in my shelter I have let them rest in peace; in my deep wisdom I have enclosed them. So that the strong might not wrong the weak, and so that the widow and the orphan might be protected, I have set up these my precious words in Babylon, the city where Anu and Bel raise high their heads, in E-Sagil, the temple whose foundations stand firm like heaven and earth, to declare justice in the land, to settle all disputes, and to heal all injuries; I have written them on my memorial stone, before my image as king of righteousness.
1750 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Code of Hammurabi

Isaiah 1:17

Hebrew Bible
14 I hate your new moon festivals and assemblies; they are a burden that I am tired of carrying. 15 When you spread out your hands in prayer, I look the other way; when you offer your many prayers, I do not listen because your hands are covered with blood. 16 Wash! Cleanse yourselves! Remove your sinful deeds from my sight. Stop sinning. 17 Learn to do what is right. Promote justice. Give the oppressed reason to celebrate. Take up the cause of the orphan. Defend the rights of the widow. 18 “Come, let’s consider your options,” says the Lord. “Though your sins have stained you like the color red, you can become white like snow; though they are as easy to see as the color scarlet, you can become white like wool.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

References

“... 1:23. orphans and widows in courts. A major aspect of Israelite legal tradition involved making provision for groups classified as weak or poor: widows, orphans and the resident alien (see Ex 22:22; Deut 10:18-19; 24:17-21). Concern for the needy is evident in Mesopotamian legal collections as early as the mid-third millennium and generally addresses protection of rights and guarantee of justice in the courts. Based on very early statements in the prologues of the Ur-Nammu Code and the Code of Hammurabi it is clear that kings considered it part of their role as “wise rulers” to protect the rights of the poor, the widow and the orphan. Similarly, in the Egyptian Tale of the Eloquent Peasant the plaintiff begins by identifying his judge as “the father of the orphan, the husband of the widow.” This reflects a concern throughout the ancient Near East that the vulnerable classes be provided for. ...”
John H. Walton, Victor H. Matthews, and Mark W. Chavalas, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2000), 586.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Code of Hammurabi xlvii 59 and Isaiah 1:17

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