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Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 1

1 Here is the message about Judah and Jerusalem that was revealed to Isaiah son of Amoz during the time when Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah reigned over Judah. 2 Listen, O heavens, pay attention, O earth!⁠ For the Lord speaks: “I raised children, I brought them up, but they have rebelled against me!⁠ 3 An ox recognizes its owner, a donkey recognizes where its owner puts its food; but Israel does not recognize me, my people do not understand.”⁠ 4 Beware sinful nation, the people weighed down by evil deeds. They are offspring who do wrong, children who do wicked things. They have abandoned the Lord, and rejected the Holy One of Israel. They are alienated from him. 5 Why do you insist on being battered? Why do you continue to rebel? Your head has a massive wound, your whole heart is sick. 6 From the soles of your feet to your head, there is no spot that is unharmed. There are only bruises, cuts, and open wounds. They have not been cleansed or bandaged, nor have they been treated with olive oil. 7 Your land is devastated, your cities burned with fire. Right before your eyes your crops are being destroyed by foreign invaders. They leave behind devastation and destruction. 8 Daughter Zion is left isolated, like a hut in a vineyard or a shelter in a cucumber field; she is a besieged city. 9 If the Lord of Heaven’s Armies had not left us⁠ a few survivors, we would have quickly been like Sodom, we would have become like Gomorrah. 10 Listen to the Lord’s message, you leaders of Sodom! Pay attention to our God’s rebuke, people of Gomorrah! 11 “Of what importance to me are your many sacrifices?” says the Lord. “I have had my fill of burnt sacrifices, of rams and the fat from steers. The blood of bulls, lambs, and goats I do not want.⁠ 12 When you enter my presence, do you actually think I want this—animals trampling on my courtyards? 13 Do not bring any more meaningless offerings; I consider your incense detestable! You observe new moon festivals, Sabbaths, and convocations, but I cannot tolerate sin-stained celebrations!⁠ 14 I hate your new moon festivals and assemblies; they are a burden that I am tired of carrying.⁠ 15 When you spread out your hands in prayer, I look the other way; when you offer your many prayers, I do not listen because your hands are covered with blood. 16 Wash! Cleanse yourselves! Remove your sinful deeds from my sight. Stop sinning.⁠ 17 Learn to do what is right. Promote justice.⁠ Give the oppressed reason to celebrate. Take up the cause of the orphan. Defend the rights of the widow.⁠ 18 “Come, let’s consider your options,” says the Lord. “Though your sins have stained you like the color red, you can become white like snow;⁠ though they are as easy to see as the color scarlet, you can become white like wool. 19 If you have a willing attitude and obey, then you will again eat the good crops of the land. 20 But if you refuse and rebel, you will be devoured by the sword.” Know for certain that the Lord has spoken. 21 How tragic that the once-faithful city has become a prostitute!⁠ She was once a center of justice; fairness resided in her—but now only murderers! 22 Your silver has become scum,⁠ your beer is diluted with water. 23 Your officials are rebels, they associate with thieves. All of them love bribery, and look for payoffs. They do not take up the cause of the orphan or defend the rights of the widow. 24 Therefore, the Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies, the Powerful One of Israel, says this: “Ah, I will seek vengeance against my adversaries, I will take revenge against my enemies. 25 I will attack you; I will purify your metal with flux. I will remove all your slag. 26 I will reestablish honest judges as in former times, wise advisers as in earlier days. Then you will be called, ‘The Just City, Faithful Town.’”⁠ 27 Zion will be freed by justice and her returnees by righteousness. 28 All rebellious sinners will be shattered, those who abandon the Lord will perish. 29 Indeed, they will be ashamed of the sacred trees you find so desirable; you will be embarrassed because of the sacred orchards where you choose to worship. 30 For you will be like a tree whose leaves wither, like an orchard that is unwatered. 31 The powerful will be like a thread of yarn, their deeds like a spark; both will burn together, and no one will put out the fire.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 1:14 and Isaiah 1:14

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Genesis introduces the term “appointed times” as part of the heavenly order, where lights in the sky organize times and festivals. Isaiah uses the same language to condemn these appointed times, now associated with unacceptable worship.

Passages

Genesis 1:14

Hebrew Bible
13 There was evening, and there was morning, a third day. 14 God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky to separate the day from the night, and let them be signs to indicate seasons and days and years, 15 and let them serve as lights in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth.” It was so. 16 God made two great lights—the greater light to rule over the day and the lesser light to rule over the night. He made the stars also.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Isaiah 1:14

Hebrew Bible
13 Do not bring any more meaningless offerings; I consider your incense detestable! You observe new moon festivals, Sabbaths, and convocations, but I cannot tolerate sin-stained celebrations! 14 I hate your new moon festivals and assemblies; they are a burden that I am tired of carrying. 15 When you spread out your hands in prayer, I look the other way; when you offer your many prayers, I do not listen because your hands are covered with blood.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

References

"... What does môʿăḏîm “appointed times” in Genesis 1:14 refer to? VanGemeren says môʿēd has a non-cultic and cultic use. Under the non-cultic use môʿēd refers to a determined place or time and this can vary from the birth of a child (Genesis 17:21) to the migration of a bird (Jeremiah 8:7). A meeting between Jonathan and David, for example, can be referred to in this way (1 Samuel 20:35). Under the cultic use môʿēd refers to a religious festival, e.g., Leviticus 23.2, 4, 44, Isaiah 1:14, Ezekiel 36:38, 44:24, 45:17, Hosea 2:9. But môʿēd can refer to more than the pilgrimage festivals. In the Old Testament “feast” in the general sense of the word referred to “all set times of communal observance”. Even so, most English versions translate môʿăḏîm in Genesis 1:14 as “seasons (of the year)”. Some translate it literally as “set times, fixed times,” etc. and some translate môʿăḏîm as “religious festivals” ... However, whereas Genesis 1:14 is ambivalent as to whether the sun or the moon are signs for môʿăḏîm ‘appointed times,’ Psalm 104:19 is unequivocal in specifying that it is the moon (yārēaḥ) that marks the môʿăḏîm and not the sun (šemeš) ..."
John R. Roberts, The Anachronism of Môʿăḏîm ‘Appointed Times’ in Gen 1.14 (Dallas: SIL International, 2016), 1–8.

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Genesis 1:14 and Isaiah 1:14

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