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Epistle to the Smyrnaeans

About this book

Avoiding Dangerous Teachers and Facing Death

Chapter 4

1 But I warn you of these things, my beloved, knowing that you yourselves think the same way. Yet I am watching over you in advance to protect you from wild beasts in human form, people whom you should not only not receive, but, if possible, not even meet [them]; only pray for them, in case they may repent. This is indeed difficult, but Jesus Christ, our true life, has power over it. 2 For if these things were done by our Lord in appearance, then I am also a prisoner in appearance. And why then have I handed myself over to death, to fire, to the sword, to wild beasts? But to be near the sword is to be near God;⁠ to be among wild beasts is to be with God. Only let it be in the name of Jesus Christ, so that we may suffer together with Him. I endure all things, since He Himself, who is the perfect human being, gives me strength.

Texts in conversation

Compare Ignatius, Epistle to the Smyrnaeans 4:2 and Gospel of Thomas 82

Early Christian · Nag Hammadi

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Summary

In the Gospel of Thomas, being close to Jesus means being close to fire. For Ignatius, being close to the sword means being close to God, reversing the connection so danger leads toward God rather than follows from being near him.

Passages

Ignatius, Epistle to the Smyrnaeans 4:2

Early Christian
2 For if these things were done by our Lord in appearance, then I am also a prisoner in appearance. And why then have I handed myself over to death, to fire, to the sword, to wild beasts? But to be near the sword is to be near God; to be among wild beasts is to be with God. Only let it be in the name of Jesus Christ, so that we may suffer together with Him. I endure all things, since He Himself, who is the perfect human being, gives me strength.
107–117 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ignatius, Epistle to the Smyrnaeans

Gospel of Thomas 82

Nag Hammadi
81 Jesus said, “Whoever has become rich should become king; and whoever has power should renounce it.” 82 Jesus said, “Whoever is near me is near the fire, and whoever is far from me is far from the kingdom.” 83 Jesus said, “Images are visible to mankind, but the light within them is hidden in the Father’s light. He will be revealed, but his image is hidden by his light.”
135–200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Gospel of Thomas

References

“... The bishop reinforces the point with a dramatic rhetorical question in which he envisions his death in terms of fire, sword, and wild beasts. [...] Ignatius responds to his own question by saying in effect that death will bring him to God. "Near the sword, near God" has clear affinities with a saying of Jesus reported in Gos. Thom. 82; Origen (Hom. in Jer. 20.3); and Didymus (In Psalm. 88.8: [...] "he who is near me is near the fire; he who is far from me is far from the kingdom"). Also involved in the discussion, however, is a pagan proverb noted by Bauer from a late collection attributed to Aesop: [...] "he who is near Zeus is near the lightning" (Aesop. [...] 7). (a) If Ignatius was dependent on the saying of Jesus, he was interested only in the first part of it and reversed its meaning. The substitution of sword for fire was natural enough if the words "fire, sword, beasts" move to a climax and if Ignatius [...] constrained to limit the following elaboration to two of the three items. But the change in meaning is still significant. (i) If the word "fire" in the saying refers to a time of trouble, the first part of the saying has to do with counting the cost of discipleship. Ignatius, on the other hand, speaks of the glorious outcome of enduring suffering. [...] In any event, the reversal of the order in Ignatius' form of the saying (sword/God vs. Christ/fire) represents more than a superficial variation. (b) If Ignatius was dependent on the proverb, he reversed not only the order of its parts but also its meaning. [...] We would be on firmer ground if the relation between the saying of Jesus and the pagan proverb(s) could be made out. It seems a priori more likely that the saying was based on the proverb(s). [...] Thus, even if the saying of Jesus was in existence by the time of Ignatius (or, for all that we know, went back to Jesus himself), Ignatius was not necessarily dependent on it here. Since the shift of meaning involved in deriving his sentence from the proverb is not much greater than in deriving it from the saying, and since his sentence shows no trace of the antithesis (near/far) found in the saying, it seems likely that the sentence and the saying represent independent applications of the same pagan proverb. ...”
William R. Schoedel, Ignatius of Antioch: A Commentary on the Letters of Ignatius of Antioch (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985), 231–232.

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Ignatius, Epistle to the Smyrnaeans 4:2 and Gospel of Thomas 82

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