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Hosea

About this book
Chapter 9

1 O Israel, do not rejoice jubilantly like the nations, for you are unfaithful to your God. You love to receive a prostitute’s wages on all the floors where you thresh your grain. 2 Threshing floors and wine vats will not feed the people, and new wine only deceives them. 3 They will not remain in the Lord’s land. Ephraim will return to Egypt; they will eat ritually unclean food in Assyria.⁠ 4 They will not pour out drink offerings of wine to the Lord; they will not please him with their sacrifices. Their sacrifices will be like bread eaten while in mourning; all those who eat them will make themselves ritually unclean. For their bread will be only to satisfy their appetite; it will not come into the temple of the Lord. 5 So what will you do on the festival day, on the festival days of the Lord? 6 Look! Even if they flee from the destruction, Egypt will take hold of them, and Memphis will bury them. The weeds will inherit the silver they treasure—thornbushes will occupy their homes. 7 The time of judgment is about to arrive! The time of retribution is imminent! Israel will be humbled! The prophet is considered a fool—the inspired man is viewed as a madman—because of the multitude of your sins and your intense animosity. 8 The prophet is a watchman over Ephraim on behalf of God, yet traps are laid for him along all his paths; animosity rages against him in the land of his God. 9 They have sunk deep into corruption as in the days of Gibeah. He will remember their wrongdoing. He will repay them for their sins. 10 When I found Israel, it was like finding grapes in the wilderness.⁠ I viewed your ancestors like an early fig on a fig tree in its first season.⁠ Then they came to Baal Peor, and they dedicated themselves to shame—they⁠ became as detestable as what they loved. 11 Ephraim will be like a bird; what they value will fly away. They will not bear children—they will not enjoy pregnancy—they will not even conceive! 12 Even if they raise their children, I will take away every last one of them. Woe to them! For I will turn away from them. 13 Ephraim, as I have seen, has given their children for prey; Ephraim will bear his sons for slaughter. 14 Give them, O Lord—what will you give them? Give them wombs that miscarry, and breasts that cannot nurse! 15 Because of all their evil in Gilgal, I hate them there. On account of their evil deeds, I will drive them out of my land. I will no longer love them; all their rulers are rebels. 16 Ephraim will be struck down—their root will be dried up; they will not yield any fruit. Even if they do bear children, I will kill their precious offspring. 17 My God will reject them, for they have not obeyed him; so they will be fugitives among the nations.

Texts in conversation

Compare Numbers 25:3 and Hosea 9:10

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Hosea recalls the story of Baal Peor from Numbers to show that the people are repeating the same pattern of unfaithfulness. By echoing the details of that event, he portrays Israel’s current failures as a continuation of past rebellion.

Passages

Numbers 25:3

Hebrew Bible
1 When Israel lived in Shittim, the people began to commit sexual immorality with the daughters of Moab. 2 These women invited the people to the sacrifices of their gods; then the people ate and bowed down to their gods. 3 When Israel joined themselves to Baal Peor, the anger of the Lord flared up against Israel. 4 The Lord said to Moses, “Arrest all the leaders of the people, and hang them up before the Lord in broad daylight, so that the fierce anger of the Lord may be turned away from Israel.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

Hosea 9:10

Hebrew Bible
10 When I found Israel, it was like finding grapes in the wilderness. I viewed your ancestors like an early fig on a fig tree in its first season. Then they came to Baal Peor, and they dedicated themselves to shame—they became as detestable as what they loved. 11 Ephraim will be like a bird; what they value will fly away. They will not bear children—they will not enjoy pregnancy—they will not even conceive!
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Hosea

References

"... The connection between the womb and the grabbing of his brother’s heel is well known from J (Genesis 25:24-26). The fighting with God? and being “able” connects to an equally well-known passage from E (Genesis 32:25-31). The reference to finding him at Beth-El and especially referring to speaking “with” (Hebrew ‘im) him calls to mind the J version of the story of the revelation to Jacob (Genesis 28:13-16,19)." Hosea also refers to the Israelites’ heresy at Baal Peor (Hosea 9:10). This event is known from J (Numbers 25:1-5). Only J refers to it as “Baal Peor.” The P version of this event speaks of “the matter of Peor” (Numbers 25:18 [twice]; 31:16) but never uses the name Baal Peor ..."
Richard Elliott Friedman, The Bible with Sources Revealed: A New View into the Five Books of Moses (New York: HarperOne, 2005), 17.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Numbers 25:3 and Hosea 9:10

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