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Hosea

About this book
Chapter 4

1 Listen to the Lord’s message, you Israelites! For the Lord has a covenant lawsuit against the people of Israel. For there is neither faithfulness nor loyalty in the land, nor do they acknowledge God. 2 There is only cursing, lying, murder, stealing, and adultery. They resort to violence and breaking out5 of bloodshed.⁠ 3 Therefore the land will mourn, and all its inhabitants will perish. The wild animals, the birds of the sky, and even the fish in the sea will perish.⁠ 4 Do not let anyone accuse or contend against anyone else, for my case is against you priests! 5 You stumble day and night, and the false prophets stumble with you; you have destroyed your own people. 6 You have destroyed my people by failing to acknowledge me! Because you refuse to acknowledge me, I will reject you as my priests. Because you reject the law of your God, I will reject your descendants. 7 The more the priests increased in numbers, the more they rebelled against me. They have turned their glorious calling into a shameful disgrace!⁠ 8 They feed on the sin offerings of my people; their appetites long for their iniquity! 9 I will deal with the people and priests together: I will punish them both for their ways, and I will repay them for their deeds.⁠ 10 They will eat, but not be satisfied; they will engage in prostitution, but not increase in numbers because they have abandoned the Lord by pursuing other gods. 11 Old and new wine take away the understanding of my people. 12 They consult their wooden idols, and their diviner’s staff answers with an oracle. The wind of prostitution blows them astray; they commit spiritual adultery against their God. 13 They sacrifice on the mountaintops and burn offerings on the hills; they sacrifice under oak, poplar, and terebinth, because their shade is so pleasant.⁠ As a result, your daughters have become cult prostitutes, and your daughters-in-law commit adultery! 14 I will not punish your daughters when they commit prostitution, nor your daughters-in-law when they commit adultery. For the men consort with harlots; they sacrifice with temple prostitutes. It is true: “A people that lacks understanding will come to ruin!” 15 Although you, O Israel, commit adultery, do not let Judah become guilty! Do not journey to Gilgal. Do not go up to Beth Aven. Do not swear, “As surely as the Lord lives!” 16 Israel has rebelled like a stubborn heifer! Soon the Lord will put them out to pasture like a lamb in a broad field. 17 Ephraim has attached himself to idols; Do not go near him! 18 They consume their alcohol, then engage in cult prostitution; they dearly love their shameful behavior. 19 A whirlwind has wrapped them in its wings; they will be brought to shame because of their idolatrous worship.

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 24:2 and Hosea 4:9

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Hosea portrays priests and people facing the same punishment, erasing social distinction in judgment. Isaiah later develops this idea, expanding the same formula into a detailed vision where every social rank, from priest to servant, is judged similarly.

Passages

Isaiah 24:2

Hebrew Bible
1 Look, the Lord is ready to devastate the earth and leave it in ruins; he will mar its surface and scatter its inhabitants. 2 Everyone will suffer—the priest as well as the people, the master as well as the servant, the elegant lady as well as the female attendant, the seller as well as the buyer, the borrower as well as the lender, the creditor as well as the debtor. 3 The earth will be completely devastated and thoroughly ransacked. For the Lord has decreed this judgment. 4 The earth dries up and withers, the world shrivels up and withers; the prominent people of the earth fade away.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Hosea 4:9

Hebrew Bible
7 The more the priests increased in numbers, the more they rebelled against me. They have turned their glorious calling into a shameful disgrace! 8 They feed on the sin offerings of my people; their appetites long for their iniquity! 9 I will deal with the people and priests together: I will punish them both for their ways, and I will repay them for their deeds. 10 They will eat, but not be satisfied; they will engage in prostitution, but not increase in numbers because they have abandoned the Lord by pursuing other gods. 11 Old and new wine take away the understanding of my people.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Hosea

References

"... Isaiah 24 begins with the state of affairs prophesied in Hosea 4. Hosea observed that with injustices committed in Israel (Hosea 4:12), “the land mourns, and all who live in it languish” (Hosea 4:3). Using much of the same terminology, Isaiah 24 reports that the initial situation is analogous more than a century later. “The earth dries up and withers, the world languishes and withers; the heavens languish together with the earth” (Isaiah 24:4), and the inhabitants have suffered long for transgressing the laws and statutes of the covenant (Isaiah 24:5–6). Hosea 4:9 alluded to the divine erasure of social distinctions, prophesying, “it shall be, as with the people, so with the priest”, while Isaiah 24:2 spins out the same formulation in much more detail ... The divine judgment that Hosea said would be brought against Israel (Isaiah 4:9) is now brought against the whole known world (Isaiah 24:21–22; compare 26:14, 16, 21; 27:1, 3) ..."
Christopher B. Hays, The Origins of Isaiah 24-27: Josiah's Festival Scroll for the Fall of Assyria (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 218–219.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Isaiah 24:2 and Hosea 4:9

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