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Hosea

About this book
Chapter 4

1 Listen to the Lord’s message, you Israelites! For the Lord has a covenant lawsuit against the people of Israel. For there is neither faithfulness nor loyalty in the land, nor do they acknowledge God. 2 There is only cursing, lying, murder, stealing, and adultery. They resort to violence and breaking out5 of bloodshed.⁠ 3 Therefore the land will mourn, and all its inhabitants will perish. The wild animals, the birds of the sky, and even the fish in the sea will perish.⁠ 4 Do not let anyone accuse or contend against anyone else, for my case is against you priests! 5 You stumble day and night, and the false prophets stumble with you; you have destroyed your own people. 6 You have destroyed my people by failing to acknowledge me! Because you refuse to acknowledge me, I will reject you as my priests. Because you reject the law of your God, I will reject your descendants. 7 The more the priests increased in numbers, the more they rebelled against me. They have turned their glorious calling into a shameful disgrace!⁠ 8 They feed on the sin offerings of my people; their appetites long for their iniquity! 9 I will deal with the people and priests together: I will punish them both for their ways, and I will repay them for their deeds.⁠ 10 They will eat, but not be satisfied; they will engage in prostitution, but not increase in numbers because they have abandoned the Lord by pursuing other gods. 11 Old and new wine take away the understanding of my people. 12 They consult their wooden idols, and their diviner’s staff answers with an oracle. The wind of prostitution blows them astray; they commit spiritual adultery against their God. 13 They sacrifice on the mountaintops and burn offerings on the hills; they sacrifice under oak, poplar, and terebinth, because their shade is so pleasant.⁠ As a result, your daughters have become cult prostitutes, and your daughters-in-law commit adultery! 14 I will not punish your daughters when they commit prostitution, nor your daughters-in-law when they commit adultery. For the men consort with harlots; they sacrifice with temple prostitutes. It is true: “A people that lacks understanding will come to ruin!” 15 Although you, O Israel, commit adultery, do not let Judah become guilty! Do not journey to Gilgal. Do not go up to Beth Aven. Do not swear, “As surely as the Lord lives!” 16 Israel has rebelled like a stubborn heifer! Soon the Lord will put them out to pasture like a lamb in a broad field. 17 Ephraim has attached himself to idols; Do not go near him! 18 They consume their alcohol, then engage in cult prostitution; they dearly love their shameful behavior. 19 A whirlwind has wrapped them in its wings; they will be brought to shame because of their idolatrous worship.

Texts in conversation

Compare Hosea 4:3 and 1 Enoch 7:6

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses

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Summary

Hosea warns that curses, murder, and adultery cause the land to mourn while animals, birds, and fish perish. 1 Enoch echoes this when the Watchers’ giants sin against birds, beasts, and fish, and the earth itself brings charges.

Passages

Hosea 4:3

Hebrew Bible
1 Listen to the Lord’s message, you Israelites! For the Lord has a covenant lawsuit against the people of Israel. For there is neither faithfulness nor loyalty in the land, nor do they acknowledge God. 2 There is only cursing, lying, murder, stealing, and adultery. They resort to violence and breaking out5 of bloodshed. 3 Therefore the land will mourn, and all its inhabitants will perish. The wild animals, the birds of the sky, and even the fish in the sea will perish. 4 Do not let anyone accuse or contend against anyone else, for my case is against you priests!
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Hosea

1 Enoch 7:6

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
2 The women became pregnant and gave birth to enormous giants, whose height was three thousand ells. 3 These giants consumed everything humans produced. 4 And when humans could no longer support them, the giants turned against them and devoured mankind. 5 They began to sin against birds, beasts, reptiles, and fish, eating each other’s flesh and drinking the blood. 6 Then the earth brought charges against these lawbreakers.
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

References

... Heaven and earth, human life and the life of animals and vegetation, are all interrelated. This is the conviction in the book of Hosea: Swearing, lying, and murder, and stealing and adultery break out; bloodshed follows bloodshed. Therefore the land mourns, and all who live in it languish; together with the wild animals and the birds of the air even the fish of the sea are perishing. (Hosea 4:2–3) It may also be implied in Psalm 82, where moral disorder (caused by the unruly gods, apparently) leads to cosmic disturbance ... And it is still to be found in 1 Enoch: [After the ‘angel marriages’] the giants turned against (the people) in order to eat them. And they began to sin against birds, wild beasts, reptiles, and fish. And their flesh was devoured the one by the other, and they drank blood. And then the earth brought an accusation against the oppressors. (1 Enoch 1:7) Good human behaviour is in keeping with the natural order, not in a metaphorical sense, but in the sense that it actually integrates human beings into the created world and helps the world to run smoothly and in the interests of its human inhabitants ...
John Barton, Ethics in Ancient Israel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 121–122.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Hosea 4:3 and 1 Enoch 7:6

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