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Hosea

About this book
Chapter 4

1 Listen to the Lord’s message, you Israelites! For the Lord has a covenant lawsuit against the people of Israel. For there is neither faithfulness nor loyalty in the land, nor do they acknowledge God. 2 There is only cursing, lying, murder, stealing, and adultery. They resort to violence and breaking out5 of bloodshed.⁠ 3 Therefore the land will mourn, and all its inhabitants will perish. The wild animals, the birds of the sky, and even the fish in the sea will perish.⁠ 4 Do not let anyone accuse or contend against anyone else, for my case is against you priests! 5 You stumble day and night, and the false prophets stumble with you; you have destroyed your own people. 6 You have destroyed my people by failing to acknowledge me! Because you refuse to acknowledge me, I will reject you as my priests. Because you reject the law of your God, I will reject your descendants. 7 The more the priests increased in numbers, the more they rebelled against me. They have turned their glorious calling into a shameful disgrace!⁠ 8 They feed on the sin offerings of my people; their appetites long for their iniquity! 9 I will deal with the people and priests together: I will punish them both for their ways, and I will repay them for their deeds.⁠ 10 They will eat, but not be satisfied; they will engage in prostitution, but not increase in numbers because they have abandoned the Lord by pursuing other gods. 11 Old and new wine take away the understanding of my people. 12 They consult their wooden idols, and their diviner’s staff answers with an oracle. The wind of prostitution blows them astray; they commit spiritual adultery against their God. 13 They sacrifice on the mountaintops and burn offerings on the hills; they sacrifice under oak, poplar, and terebinth, because their shade is so pleasant.⁠ As a result, your daughters have become cult prostitutes, and your daughters-in-law commit adultery! 14 I will not punish your daughters when they commit prostitution, nor your daughters-in-law when they commit adultery. For the men consort with harlots; they sacrifice with temple prostitutes. It is true: “A people that lacks understanding will come to ruin!” 15 Although you, O Israel, commit adultery, do not let Judah become guilty! Do not journey to Gilgal. Do not go up to Beth Aven. Do not swear, “As surely as the Lord lives!” 16 Israel has rebelled like a stubborn heifer! Soon the Lord will put them out to pasture like a lamb in a broad field. 17 Ephraim has attached himself to idols; Do not go near him! 18 They consume their alcohol, then engage in cult prostitution; they dearly love their shameful behavior. 19 A whirlwind has wrapped them in its wings; they will be brought to shame because of their idolatrous worship.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 28:14 and Hosea 4:2

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Hosea echoes Genesis 28, using the verb meaning “break out” or “spread out,” which in Genesis describes the growth of Abraham’s descendants. Hosea ironically reverses this image, using the same verb to depict the growth of covenant violations.

Passages

Genesis 28:14

Hebrew Bible
13 and the Lord stood at its top. He said, “I am the Lord, the God of your grandfather Abraham and the God of your father Isaac. I will give you and your descendants the ground you are lying on. 14 Your descendants will be like the dust of the earth, and you will spread out to the west, east, north, and south. And so all the families of the earth may receive blessings through you and through your descendants. 15 I am with you! I will protect you wherever you go and will bring you back to this land. I will not leave you until I have done what I promised you!”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Hosea 4:2

Hebrew Bible
1 Listen to the Lord’s message, you Israelites! For the Lord has a covenant lawsuit against the people of Israel. For there is neither faithfulness nor loyalty in the land, nor do they acknowledge God. 2 There is only cursing, lying, murder, stealing, and adultery. They resort to violence and breaking out5 of bloodshed. 3 Therefore the land will mourn, and all its inhabitants will perish. The wild animals, the birds of the sky, and even the fish in the sea will perish.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Hosea

References

"... Scholars debate whether Hosea's language (4:2) indicates a fixed or fluid form of the Decalogue by the eighth century BC. The variant order of the commands (i.e., 3, 9, 6, 8, 7) when compared with Exodus 20:2-17 (Deuteronomy 5:6-21) does not indicate the fluidity of the Decalogue at the time of Hosea. Rather, it merely illustrates Hosea's interpretive use of his source (i.e., contextual awareness). Hosea evokes five of the Ten Commandments by conjoining five infinitive absolutes as the subject of the verb ('to break out, spread out'), thus emphasizing the profuse outbreak of covenant infidelity. (Hosea intentionally alludes to the Abrahamic promise there by way of reversal due to Israel's covenant infidelity. Hosea is intentionally heightening the irony of the situation. Whereas Israel was to obey YHWH and experience his blessing of the fulfillment of this Abrahamic promise, they have disobeyed, and the promise is reversed. While Abraham's 'seed' was to break out (Genesis 28) and fill the land, instead covenant-breaking breaks out and fills the land) ..."
Derek Drummond Bass, “Hosea’s Use of Scripture: An Analysis of His Hermeneutics” (diss., The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2008), 162.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 28:14 and Hosea 4:2

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