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Hosea

About this book
Chapter 4

1 Listen to the Lord’s message, you Israelites! For the Lord has a covenant lawsuit against the people of Israel. For there is neither faithfulness nor loyalty in the land, nor do they acknowledge God. 2 There is only cursing, lying, murder, stealing, and adultery. They resort to violence and breaking out5 of bloodshed.⁠ 3 Therefore the land will mourn, and all its inhabitants will perish. The wild animals, the birds of the sky, and even the fish in the sea will perish.⁠ 4 Do not let anyone accuse or contend against anyone else, for my case is against you priests! 5 You stumble day and night, and the false prophets stumble with you; you have destroyed your own people. 6 You have destroyed my people by failing to acknowledge me! Because you refuse to acknowledge me, I will reject you as my priests. Because you reject the law of your God, I will reject your descendants. 7 The more the priests increased in numbers, the more they rebelled against me. They have turned their glorious calling into a shameful disgrace!⁠ 8 They feed on the sin offerings of my people; their appetites long for their iniquity! 9 I will deal with the people and priests together: I will punish them both for their ways, and I will repay them for their deeds.⁠ 10 They will eat, but not be satisfied; they will engage in prostitution, but not increase in numbers because they have abandoned the Lord by pursuing other gods. 11 Old and new wine take away the understanding of my people. 12 They consult their wooden idols, and their diviner’s staff answers with an oracle. The wind of prostitution blows them astray; they commit spiritual adultery against their God. 13 They sacrifice on the mountaintops and burn offerings on the hills; they sacrifice under oak, poplar, and terebinth, because their shade is so pleasant.⁠ As a result, your daughters have become cult prostitutes, and your daughters-in-law commit adultery! 14 I will not punish your daughters when they commit prostitution, nor your daughters-in-law when they commit adultery. For the men consort with harlots; they sacrifice with temple prostitutes. It is true: “A people that lacks understanding will come to ruin!” 15 Although you, O Israel, commit adultery, do not let Judah become guilty! Do not journey to Gilgal. Do not go up to Beth Aven. Do not swear, “As surely as the Lord lives!” 16 Israel has rebelled like a stubborn heifer! Soon the Lord will put them out to pasture like a lamb in a broad field. 17 Ephraim has attached himself to idols; Do not go near him! 18 They consume their alcohol, then engage in cult prostitution; they dearly love their shameful behavior. 19 A whirlwind has wrapped them in its wings; they will be brought to shame because of their idolatrous worship.

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 12:2 and Hosea 4:13

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Deuteronomy commands the destruction of worship sites on mountains, hills, and under leafy trees to centralize worship in Jerusalem. Hosea echoes this but uses it to criticize his audience, saying that the people are doing what Deuteronomy forbids.

Passages

Deuteronomy 12:2

Hebrew Bible
1 These are the statutes and ordinances you must be careful to obey as long as you live in the land the Lord, the God of your ancestors, has given you to possess. 2 You must by all means destroy all the places where the nations you are about to dispossess worship their gods—on the high mountains and hills and under every leafy tree. 3 You must tear down their altars, shatter their sacred pillars, burn up their sacred Asherah poles, and cut down the images of their gods; you must eliminate their very memory from that place. 4 You must not worship the Lord your God the way they worship.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Hosea 4:13

Hebrew Bible
11 Old and new wine take away the understanding of my people. 12 They consult their wooden idols, and their diviner’s staff answers with an oracle. The wind of prostitution blows them astray; they commit spiritual adultery against their God. 13 They sacrifice on the mountaintops and burn offerings on the hills; they sacrifice under oak, poplar, and terebinth, because their shade is so pleasant. As a result, your daughters have become cult prostitutes, and your daughters-in-law commit adultery! 14 I will not punish your daughters when they commit prostitution, nor your daughters-in-law when they commit adultery. For the men consort with harlots; they sacrifice with temple prostitutes. It is true: “A people that lacks understanding will come to ruin!” 15 Although you, O Israel, commit adultery, do not let Judah become guilty! Do not journey to Gilgal. Do not go up to Beth Aven. Do not swear, “As surely as the Lord lives!”
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Hosea

References

"... The references to Israel's cultic sites in Hosea 4:13 bears linguistic and thematic connections with Deuteronomy 12:2 ... The language of Hosea 4:13 is very close to Deuteronomy 12:2 and follows the same sequence of terms, constituting a probable allusion to that passage. Deuteronomy 12:2-4 commands Israel to destroy every pagan worship site including the altars (compare Hosea 4:19; 10:1-2, 8), pillars, Asherim, and images of their gods and not to worship YHWH as the inhabitants of the land worship their "gods" (Deuteronomy 12:4). And yet, this is precisely what Hosea's contemporaries were doing. Hosea's allusion to Deuteronomy 12:2 simply elucidates that YHWH's command went unheeded and that Israel indeed worshipped YHWH their God in the way that the people's of the land worshipped their gods ..."
Derek Drummond Bass, “Hosea’s Use of Scripture: An Analysis of His Hermeneutics” (diss., The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2008), 170.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 12:2 and Hosea 4:13

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