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Hosea

About this book
Chapter 13

1 When Ephraim spoke, there was terror; he was exalted in Israel, but he became guilty by worshiping Baal and died. 2 Even now they persist in sin! They make metal images for themselves, idols that they skillfully fashion from their own silver; all of them are nothing but the work of craftsmen. There is a saying about them: “Those who sacrifice to the calf idol are calf kissers!” 3 Therefore they will disappear like the morning mist, like early morning dew that evaporates, like chaff that is blown away from a threshing floor, like smoke that disappears through an open window. 4 But I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of Egypt.⁠ Therefore, you must not acknowledge any God but me.⁠ Except for me there is no Savior.⁠ 5 I cared for you in the wilderness, in the dry desert where no water was. 6 When they were fed, they became satisfied; when they were satisfied, they became proud; as a result, they forgot me!⁠ 7 So I will pounce on them like a lion; like a leopard I will lurk by the path. 8 I will attack them like a bear robbed of her cubs—I will rip open their chests. I will devour them there like a lion—like a wild animal would tear them apart.⁠ 9 I will destroy you, O Israel! Who is there to help you? 10 Where then is your king, that he may save you in all your cities? Where are your rulers for whom you asked, saying, “Give me a king and princes”? 11 I granted you a king in my anger, and I will take him away in my wrath! 12 The punishment of Ephraim has been decreed; his punishment is being stored up for the future. 13 The labor pains of a woman will overtake him, but the baby will lack wisdom; when the time arrives, he will not come out of the womb! 14 Will I deliver them from the power of Sheol? No, I will not! Will I redeem them from death? No, I will not! O Death, bring on your plagues! O Sheol, bring on your destruction! My eyes will not show any compassion!⁠ 15 Even though he flourishes like a reed plant, a scorching east wind will come, a wind from the Lord rising up from the desert. As a result, his spring will dry up; his well will become dry. That wind will spoil all his delightful foods in the containers in his storehouse. 16 (14:1) Samaria will be held guilty because she rebelled against her God. They will fall by the sword; their infants will be dashed to the ground—their pregnant women will be ripped open.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare KTU 1.180:2 and Hosea 13:8

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Hosea shares Ugaritic comparisons of a god to a lion or leopard, turning a picture of divine strength into a warning that God can attack his own people.

Passages

KTU 1.180:2

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
Hear, Athtart, the singer's voice I will sing the name of the Lioness, the name […] […] of the mountain of El Leopard […] Athtart Leopard […] she leaps
1350–1185 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in KTU

Hosea 13:8

Hebrew Bible
5 I cared for you in the wilderness, in the dry desert where no water was. 6 When they were fed, they became satisfied; when they were satisfied, they became proud; as a result, they forgot me! 7 So I will pounce on them like a lion; like a leopard I will lurk by the path. 8 I will attack them like a bear robbed of her cubs—I will rip open their chests. I will devour them there like a lion—like a wild animal would tear them apart. 9 I will destroy you, O Israel! Who is there to help you? 10 Where then is your king, that he may save you in all your cities? Where are your rulers for whom you asked, saying, “Give me a king and princes”? 11 I granted you a king in my anger, and I will take him away in my wrath!
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Hosea

References

“... Th e name of ‘Athtart let my voice sing, may I praise the name of the lion. O name, may you be victorious over . . . may you (or, she) shut the jaw of El’s attackers. A great panther is ‘Athtart, a great panther that pounces. Th is hymnic piece consists of three parallel bicola. Th e combination of the parallel verbs to sing and praise in the fi rst bicolon is regular in biblical psalms (e.g., 101:1; 104:33; cf. 18:49; Pardee 2012: 82–83). Just as praise of ‘Athtart’s name marks the fi rst bicolon of her hymn, so praise of Yahweh’s name serves in the opening of Psalm 29: “Ascribe to the Lord the glory of his name.” Praise of the divine name is an important feature in the frame of Psalm 8 (Ps. 8:2[1]  = 8:10[9]) and for the closing of Psalm 18 (in v. 50[49]). Similarly, blessing of the divine name opens Psalm 103. In the Ugaritic hymn, the god- dess is compared to a lion and a panther. While such an image for Yahweh can be found outside of the Psalter (Hos. 13:8), this biblical book uses lion imagery for enemies who attack the speaker (e.g., Pss. 7:3[2], 10:9; 17:12; 22:14[13], 22[21]). ...”
Mark S. Smith, “Canaanite Backgrounds to the Psalms,” in The Oxford Handbook of the Psalms, ed. William P. Brown (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 47.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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KTU 1.180:2 and Hosea 13:8

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