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Hosea

About this book
Chapter 13

1 When Ephraim spoke, there was terror; he was exalted in Israel, but he became guilty by worshiping Baal and died. 2 Even now they persist in sin! They make metal images for themselves, idols that they skillfully fashion from their own silver; all of them are nothing but the work of craftsmen. There is a saying about them: “Those who sacrifice to the calf idol are calf kissers!” 3 Therefore they will disappear like the morning mist, like early morning dew that evaporates, like chaff that is blown away from a threshing floor, like smoke that disappears through an open window. 4 But I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of Egypt.⁠ Therefore, you must not acknowledge any God but me.⁠ Except for me there is no Savior.⁠ 5 I cared for you in the wilderness, in the dry desert where no water was. 6 When they were fed, they became satisfied; when they were satisfied, they became proud; as a result, they forgot me!⁠ 7 So I will pounce on them like a lion; like a leopard I will lurk by the path. 8 I will attack them like a bear robbed of her cubs—I will rip open their chests. I will devour them there like a lion—like a wild animal would tear them apart.⁠ 9 I will destroy you, O Israel! Who is there to help you? 10 Where then is your king, that he may save you in all your cities? Where are your rulers for whom you asked, saying, “Give me a king and princes”? 11 I granted you a king in my anger, and I will take him away in my wrath! 12 The punishment of Ephraim has been decreed; his punishment is being stored up for the future. 13 The labor pains of a woman will overtake him, but the baby will lack wisdom; when the time arrives, he will not come out of the womb! 14 Will I deliver them from the power of Sheol? No, I will not! Will I redeem them from death? No, I will not! O Death, bring on your plagues! O Sheol, bring on your destruction! My eyes will not show any compassion!⁠ 15 Even though he flourishes like a reed plant, a scorching east wind will come, a wind from the Lord rising up from the desert. As a result, his spring will dry up; his well will become dry. That wind will spoil all his delightful foods in the containers in his storehouse. 16 (14:1) Samaria will be held guilty because she rebelled against her God. They will fall by the sword; their infants will be dashed to the ground—their pregnant women will be ripped open.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare 2 Kings 15:16 and Hosea 13:16

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Hosea 13 and 2 Kings 15 both describe the violent killing of pregnant women during a military attack, highlighting the extreme cruelty. Hosea echoes the account of Menahem’s assault on Tiphsah, using the same brutality to emphasize total devastation.

Passages

2 Kings 15:16

Hebrew Bible
14 Menahem son of Gadi went up from Tirzah to Samaria and attacked Shallum son of Jabesh. He killed him and took his place as king. 15 The rest of the events of Shallum’s reign, including the conspiracy he organized, are recorded in the scroll called the Annals of the Kings of Israel. 16 At that time Menahem came from Tirzah and attacked Tiphsah. He struck down all who lived in the city and the surrounding territory, because they would not surrender. He even ripped open the pregnant women. 17 In the thirty-ninth year of King Azariah’s reign over Judah, Menahem son of Gadi became king over Israel. He reigned for 10 years in Samaria.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Kings

Hosea 13:16

Hebrew Bible
14 Will I deliver them from the power of Sheol? No, I will not! Will I redeem them from death? No, I will not! O Death, bring on your plagues! O Sheol, bring on your destruction! My eyes will not show any compassion! 15 Even though he flourishes like a reed plant, a scorching east wind will come, a wind from the Lord rising up from the desert. As a result, his spring will dry up; his well will become dry. That wind will spoil all his delightful foods in the containers in his storehouse. 16 (14:1) Samaria will be held guilty because she rebelled against her God. They will fall by the sword; their infants will be dashed to the ground—their pregnant women will be ripped open.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Hosea

References

"... The focus narrows to the besieged capital Samaria, the only major reminder of the once successful, influential Northern Kingdom. Samaria naturally was the prime target of the Assyrian assault, as the headquarters of the rebel Hoshea. The covenant curses predict doom for countryside and city alike. Here the city curses are described as imminently fulfilled. The initial couplet states the reason for the punishment: rebellion against Yahweh. The concluding triplet describes the punishment itself. The punishment is military (the “sword,” curse type 3); and it will be merciless, extending even the brutal slaughter of infants and pregnant women. The curses of Leviticus 26 are the backdrop for the prediction of Samaria’s desolation in verse 1. The verb occurs no less than seven times in Leviticus 26 (verses 22, 31, 32, 34, 35, 43). Leviticus 26:25-31 describes the miseries of the city under siege and then captured, with an aftermath of awful slaughter, as a punishment for covenant infidelity. The background for verse 1 may also be Leviticus 26, at least in part, since the latter refers to destruction by the sword (verse 25) and the violent death of children (verse 29; compare verse 22; Deuteronomy 28:52–57; 32:25). The practice of slitting open pregnant women in war as punishment for rebellion is attested also in 2 Kings 15:16 and Amos 1:13 ..."
Douglas Stuart, Word Biblical Commentary: Hosea-Jonah (New York: HarperCollins, 2020), 452.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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2 Kings 15:16 and Hosea 13:16

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