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Hosea

About this book
Chapter 12

1 Ephraim continually feeds on the wind; he chases the east wind all day; he multiplies lies and violence. They make treaties with Assyria and send olive oil as tribute to Egypt. 2 The Lord also has a covenant lawsuit against Judah; he will punish Jacob according to his ways and repay him according to his deeds. 3 In the womb he attacked his brother;⁠ in his manly vigor he struggled with God.⁠ 4 He struggled with an angel and prevailed; he wept and begged for his favor. He found God at Bethel, and there he spoke with him!⁠ 5 As for the Lord God Almighty, the Lord is the name by which he is remembered! 6 But you must return to your God, by maintaining love and justice and by waiting for your God to return to you. 7 The businessmen love to cheat; they use dishonest scales.⁠ 8 Ephraim boasts, “I am very rich! I have become wealthy! In all that I have done to gain my wealth, no one can accuse me of any offense that is actually sinful.” 9 “I am the Lord your God who brought you out of Egypt; I will make you live in tents again as in the days of old. 10 I spoke to the prophets; I myself revealed many visions; I spoke in parables through the prophets.” 11 Is there idolatry in Gilead? Certainly its inhabitants will come to nothing! Do they sacrifice bulls in Gilgal? Surely their altars will be like stones heaped up on a plowed field! 12 Jacob fled to the country of Aram, then Israel worked to acquire a wife; he tended sheep to pay for her. 13 The Lord brought Israel out of Egypt by a prophet, and due to a prophet Israel was preserved alive. 14 But Ephraim bitterly provoked him to anger; so he will hold him accountable for the blood he has shed; his Lord will repay him for the contempt he has shown.

Texts in conversation

Compare Leviticus 19:36 and Hosea 12:7

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Leviticus 19 requires honest weights and measures as part of Israel’s ethical obligations, a common ethic of the ancient Near East. Hosea uses this as an example of how Israel had become corrupt, accusing them of using dishonest scales to gain wealth.

Passages

Leviticus 19:36

Hebrew Bible
34 The resident foreigner who lives with you must be to you as a native citizen among you; so you must love the foreigner as yourself, because you were foreigners in the land of Egypt. I am the Lord your God. 35 You must not do injustice in the regulation of measures, whether of length, weight, or volume. 36 You must have honest balances, honest weights, an honest ephah, and an honest hin. I am the Lord your God who brought you out from the land of Egypt. 37 You must be sure to obey all my statutes and regulations. I am the Lord.’”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

Hosea 12:7

Hebrew Bible
5 As for the Lord God Almighty, the Lord is the name by which he is remembered! 6 But you must return to your God, by maintaining love and justice and by waiting for your God to return to you. 7 The businessmen love to cheat; they use dishonest scales. 8 Ephraim boasts, “I am very rich! I have become wealthy! In all that I have done to gain my wealth, no one can accuse me of any offense that is actually sinful.” 9 “I am the Lord your God who brought you out of Egypt; I will make you live in tents again as in the days of old.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Hosea

References

"... 'treacherous scales' For a similar comment on Israelite merchants, see Amos 8. Verse 9 follows verse 8 in uncovering the dishonest business practices by which Ephraim became rich. This is comparable to Jacob's reputation, and the reference to scales is symbolic of crooked dealing. Ephraim's sin has two aspects; he is greedy and dishonest. He acquired wealth by fraudulent means. Verses 8 and 9 explain what is meant by verse 1, as the repetition of the word mirmd shows. This is his moral-ethical failure. Verse 12 explains his religio-cultic failure. Between these two accusations comes a reminder of Yahweh's kindly dealings from the Exodus down through a long line of prophets. The juxtaposition of the ethical and the religious is typical of Israelite prophecy, and so is a concrete expression like 'treacherous scales,' which identifies a physical instrument of human wickedness, focusing on sin as act and not just disposition. The opposite is the 'balances of sedeq' accurate scales (Leviticus 19:36; Ezekiel 45:10; Job 31:6). The use of such expressions in Wisdom literature, for example, Proverbs 11:1; 20:23, can make them a symbol of any kind of dishonesty. Amos's use of the same phrase (Amos 8:5) points to business practices; it is not just a general symbol ..."
Francis I. Andersen and David Noel Freedman, Hosea: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1980), 616.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Leviticus 19:36 and Hosea 12:7

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