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Hosea

About this book
Chapter 12

1 Ephraim continually feeds on the wind; he chases the east wind all day; he multiplies lies and violence. They make treaties with Assyria and send olive oil as tribute to Egypt. 2 The Lord also has a covenant lawsuit against Judah; he will punish Jacob according to his ways and repay him according to his deeds. 3 In the womb he attacked his brother;⁠ in his manly vigor he struggled with God.⁠ 4 He struggled with an angel and prevailed; he wept and begged for his favor. He found God at Bethel, and there he spoke with him!⁠ 5 As for the Lord God Almighty, the Lord is the name by which he is remembered! 6 But you must return to your God, by maintaining love and justice and by waiting for your God to return to you. 7 The businessmen love to cheat; they use dishonest scales.⁠ 8 Ephraim boasts, “I am very rich! I have become wealthy! In all that I have done to gain my wealth, no one can accuse me of any offense that is actually sinful.” 9 “I am the Lord your God who brought you out of Egypt; I will make you live in tents again as in the days of old. 10 I spoke to the prophets; I myself revealed many visions; I spoke in parables through the prophets.” 11 Is there idolatry in Gilead? Certainly its inhabitants will come to nothing! Do they sacrifice bulls in Gilgal? Surely their altars will be like stones heaped up on a plowed field! 12 Jacob fled to the country of Aram, then Israel worked to acquire a wife; he tended sheep to pay for her. 13 The Lord brought Israel out of Egypt by a prophet, and due to a prophet Israel was preserved alive. 14 But Ephraim bitterly provoked him to anger; so he will hold him accountable for the blood he has shed; his Lord will repay him for the contempt he has shown.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 25:24 and Genesis 32:25 and Hosea 12:4

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Hosea recalls moments from the Jacob tradition, mentioning the struggle in the womb and the encounter with a divine being, while leaving out other details. This selectivity suggests Hosea knew specific pieces of the tradition rather than the full story.

Passages

Genesis 25:24

Hebrew Bible
23 and the Lord said to her, “Two nations are in your womb, and two peoples will be separated from within you. One people will be stronger than the other, and the older will serve the younger.” 24 When the time came for Rebekah to give birth, there were twins in her womb. 25 The first came out reddish all over, like a hairy garment, so they named him Esau. 26 When his brother came out with his hand clutching Esau’s heel, they named him Jacob. Isaac was sixty years old when they were born.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Genesis 32:25

Hebrew Bible
24 So Jacob was left alone. Then a man wrestled with him until daybreak. 25 When the man saw that he could not defeat Jacob, he struck the socket of his hip so the socket of Jacob’s hip was dislocated while he wrestled with him. 26 Then the man said, “Let me go, for the dawn is breaking.” “I will not let you go,” Jacob replied, “unless you bless me.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Hosea 12:4

Hebrew Bible
2 The Lord also has a covenant lawsuit against Judah; he will punish Jacob according to his ways and repay him according to his deeds. 3 In the womb he attacked his brother; in his manly vigor he struggled with God. 4 He struggled with an angel and prevailed; he wept and begged for his favor. He found God at Bethel, and there he spoke with him! 5 As for the Lord God Almighty, the Lord is the name by which he is remembered!
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Hosea

References

"... Hosea, meanwhile, when speaking about Jacob and Esau, cites only J and E, but nothing of the P version of those events: In the womb he “heeled” his brother, and by his might he fought with God, and he fought with an angel and was able; he cried, and he was gracious to him. He found him at Beth-El, and there He spoke with him. (Hosea 12:4-5) The connection between the womb and the grabbing of his brother’s heel is well known from J (Genesis 25:24-26). The fighting with God and being “able” connects to an equally well-known passage from E (Genesis 32:25-31). The reference to finding him at Beth-El and especially referring to speaking “with” (Hebrew ‘im) him calls to mind the J version of the story of the revelation to Jacob (Genesis 28:13-16, 19) ..."
Richard Elliott Friedman, The Bible with Sources Revealed: A New View into the Five Books of Moses (New York: HarperOne, 2005), 16–17.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 25:24 and Genesis 32:25 and Hosea 12:4

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