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Hosea

About this book
Chapter 12

1 Ephraim continually feeds on the wind; he chases the east wind all day; he multiplies lies and violence. They make treaties with Assyria and send olive oil as tribute to Egypt. 2 The Lord also has a covenant lawsuit against Judah; he will punish Jacob according to his ways and repay him according to his deeds. 3 In the womb he attacked his brother;⁠ in his manly vigor he struggled with God.⁠ 4 He struggled with an angel and prevailed; he wept and begged for his favor. He found God at Bethel, and there he spoke with him!⁠ 5 As for the Lord God Almighty, the Lord is the name by which he is remembered! 6 But you must return to your God, by maintaining love and justice and by waiting for your God to return to you. 7 The businessmen love to cheat; they use dishonest scales.⁠ 8 Ephraim boasts, “I am very rich! I have become wealthy! In all that I have done to gain my wealth, no one can accuse me of any offense that is actually sinful.” 9 “I am the Lord your God who brought you out of Egypt; I will make you live in tents again as in the days of old. 10 I spoke to the prophets; I myself revealed many visions; I spoke in parables through the prophets.” 11 Is there idolatry in Gilead? Certainly its inhabitants will come to nothing! Do they sacrifice bulls in Gilgal? Surely their altars will be like stones heaped up on a plowed field! 12 Jacob fled to the country of Aram, then Israel worked to acquire a wife; he tended sheep to pay for her. 13 The Lord brought Israel out of Egypt by a prophet, and due to a prophet Israel was preserved alive. 14 But Ephraim bitterly provoked him to anger; so he will hold him accountable for the blood he has shed; his Lord will repay him for the contempt he has shown.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 25:22 and Hosea 12:3

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Genesis describes the twins struggling in Rebekah’s womb, a sign of the future conflict between their families. Hosea recalls this by highlighting Jacob’s grasping of his brother’s heel, whether in the womb or at birth, as his defining feature.

Passages

Genesis 25:22

Hebrew Bible
20 When Isaac was forty years old, he married Rebekah, the daughter of Bethuel the Aramean from Paddan Aram and sister of Laban the Aramean. 21 Isaac prayed to the Lord on behalf of his wife because she was childless. The Lord answered his prayer, and his wife Rebekah became pregnant. 22 But the children struggled inside her, and she said, “Why is this happening to me?” So she asked the Lord, 23 and the Lord said to her, “Two nations are in your womb, and two peoples will be separated from within you. One people will be stronger than the other, and the older will serve the younger.” 24 When the time came for Rebekah to give birth, there were twins in her womb.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Hosea 12:3

Hebrew Bible
1 Ephraim continually feeds on the wind; he chases the east wind all day; he multiplies lies and violence. They make treaties with Assyria and send olive oil as tribute to Egypt. 2 The Lord also has a covenant lawsuit against Judah; he will punish Jacob according to his ways and repay him according to his deeds. 3 In the womb he attacked his brother; in his manly vigor he struggled with God. 4 He struggled with an angel and prevailed; he wept and begged for his favor. He found God at Bethel, and there he spoke with him! 5 As for the Lord God Almighty, the Lord is the name by which he is remembered!
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Hosea

References

"... In Genesis 25:22 the expression is 'inside her.' That account uses a different verb for the intrauterine struggle. Perhaps a different stream of tradition flowed to Hosea. Little of Genesis 25 is attributed to E, generally supposed to be the northern recension. It does occur in Genesis 25:23, the oracle, where the parallelism suggests that it may mean '(they will be separated) from your belly.' If Hosea 12 uses the same idiom, then it means 'from the belly,' that is, after birth; compare Job 3:11. According to Genesis 25:26, Jacob was born after Esau, with 'his hand seizing Esau's heel.' While this seizing could describe his first observed action after birth, which those present would watch as a significant omen, the impression is given that he came out that way; having clutched Esau's heel in the womb before birth, he would not let go. His tenacity was manifested from the beginning, and his refusal to let go of the person at Penuel so long afterward was entirely in character ..."
Francis I. Andersen and David Noel Freedman, Hosea: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1980), 607.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 25:22 and Hosea 12:3

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