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Hosea

About this book
Chapter 11

1 “When Israel was a young man, I loved him like a son, and I summoned my son out of Egypt.⁠ 2 But the more I summoned them, the farther they departed from me. They sacrificed to the Baal idols and burned incense to images. 3 Yet it was I who led Ephraim; I took them by the arm, but they did not acknowledge that I had healed them. 4 I drew them with leather cords, with straps of hide; I lifted the yoke from their neck and gently fed them. 5 They will return to Egypt! Assyria will rule over them because they refuse to repent! 6 A sword will flash in their cities; it will destroy the bars of their city gates, and will devour them in their fortresses. 7 My people are obsessed with turning away from me; they call to Baal, but he will never exalt them! 8 “How can I give you up, O Ephraim? How can I surrender you, O Israel?⁠ How can I treat you like Admah? How can I make you like Zeboyim?⁠ I have had a change of heart. All my tender compassions are aroused.⁠ 9 I cannot carry out my fierce anger! I cannot totally destroy Ephraim! Because I am God, and not man—the Holy One among you—I will not come in wrath! 10 “He will roar like a lion, and they will follow the Lord; when he roars, his children will come trembling from the west. 11 They will return in fear and trembling like birds from Egypt, like doves from Assyria, and I will settle them in their homes,” declares the Lord. 12 (12:1) Ephraim has surrounded me with lies; the house of Israel has surrounded me with deceit. But Judah still roams about with God; he remains faithful to the Holy One.

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 5:4 and Hosea 11:8

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In Isaiah, God's vineyard yields rotten grapes, prompting him to ask what more could be done. Hosea uses similar language, with Israel's failure provoking God to ask how he could give them up. Both describe God moved by others to question himself.

Passages

Isaiah 5:4

Hebrew Bible
2 He built a hedge around it, removed its stones, and planted a vine. He built a tower in the middle of it and constructed a winepress. He waited for it to produce edible grapes, but it produced sour ones instead. 3 So now, residents of Jerusalem, people of Judah, you decide between me and my vineyard! 4 What more can I do for my vineyard beyond what I have already done? When I waited for it to produce edible grapes, why did it produce sour ones instead? 5 Now I will inform you what I am about to do to my vineyard: I will remove its hedge and turn it into pasture, I will break its wall and allow animals to graze there.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Hosea 11:8

Hebrew Bible
5 They will return to Egypt! Assyria will rule over them because they refuse to repent! 6 A sword will flash in their cities; it will destroy the bars of their city gates, and will devour them in their fortresses. 7 My people are obsessed with turning away from me; they call to Baal, but he will never exalt them! 8 “How can I give you up, O Ephraim? How can I surrender you, O Israel? How can I treat you like Admah? How can I make you like Zeboyim? I have had a change of heart. All my tender compassions are aroused.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Hosea

References

... The depth of the grief as well as the extent of feeling of disappointment could be perceived from the way that these feelings and intense emotions are expressed — through self-questioning within the divine life. By posing the question, 'What could be done more to my vineyard that I have not done in it?' this literary rhetoric has the power to move the first audience to self-indictment as well as to evoke contemporary readers/audience, inviting us to go into the inner life of God and experience God's grief and sorrow. ...
Barbara M. Leung Lai, Through the ‘I’-Window: The Inner Life of Characters in the Hebrew Bible (Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix, 2011), 158–159.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Isaiah 5:4 and Hosea 11:8

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