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Hebrews

About this book
Chapter 7

1 Now this Melchizedek, king of Salem, priest of the most high God, met Abraham as he was returning from defeating the kings and blessed him. 2 To him also Abraham apportioned a tithe of everything. His name first means king of righteousness, then king of Salem, that is, king of peace.⁠ 3 Without father, without mother, without genealogy, he has neither beginning of days nor end of life⁠ but is like the son of God,⁠ and he remains a priest for all time.⁠ 4 But see how great he must be, if Abraham the patriarch gave him a tithe of his plunder. 5 And those of the sons of Levi who receive the priestly office have authorization according to the law to collect a tithe from the people, that is, from their fellow countrymen, although they, too, are descendants of Abraham. 6 But Melchizedek who does not share their ancestry collected a tithe from Abraham and blessed the one who possessed the promise. 7 Now without dispute the inferior is blessed by the superior, 8 and in one case tithes are received by mortal men, while in the other by him who is affirmed to be alive. 9 And it could be said that Levi himself, who receives tithes, paid a tithe through Abraham. 10 For he was still in his ancestor Abraham’s loins when Melchizedek met him. 11 So if perfection had in fact been possible through the Levitical priesthood—for on that basis the people received the law—what further need would there have been for another priest to arise, said to be in the order of Melchizedek and not in Aaron’s order? 12 For when the priesthood changes, a change in the law must come as well. 13 Yet the one these things are spoken about belongs to a different tribe, and no one from that tribe has ever officiated at the altar. 14 For it is clear that our Lord is descended from Judah, yet Moses said nothing about priests in connection with that tribe. 15 And this is even clearer if another priest arises in the likeness of Melchizedek, 16 who has become a priest not by a legal regulation about physical descent but by the power of an indestructible life. 17 For here is the testimony about him: “You are a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek.” 18 On the one hand a former command is set aside because it is weak and useless, 19 for the law made nothing perfect. On the other hand a better hope is introduced, through which we draw near to God. 20 And since this was not done without a sworn affirmation—for the others have become priests without a sworn affirmation, 21 but Jesus did so with a sworn affirmation by the one who said to him, “The Lord has sworn and will not change his mind, ‘You are a priest forever’”— 22 accordingly Jesus has become the guarantee of a better covenant. 23 And the others who became priests were numerous because death prevented them from continuing in office, 24 but he holds his priesthood permanently since he lives forever. 25 So he is able to save completely those who come to God through him because he always lives to intercede for them. 26 For it is indeed fitting for us to have such a high priest: holy, innocent, undefiled, separate from sinners, and exalted above the heavens. 27 He has no need to do every day what those priests do, to offer sacrifices first for their own sins and then for the sins of the people, since he did this in offering himself once for all. 28 For the law appoints as high priests men subject to weakness, but the word of solemn affirmation that came after the law appoints a son made perfect forever.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 14:18 and Hebrews 7:3

Hebrew Bible · New Testament

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Summary

Genesis depicts Melchizedek as a priest-king who blesses Abram and receives a tithe but has no origin. Hebrews uses this lack of detail and interprets it with a midrash to say that Melchizedek is timeless, without father, mother, or end of days.

Passages

Genesis 14:18

Hebrew Bible
16 He retrieved all the stolen property. He also brought back his nephew Lot and his possessions, as well as the women and the rest of the people. 17 After Abram returned from defeating Kedorlaomer and the kings who were with him, the king of Sodom went out to meet Abram in the Valley of Shaveh (known as the King’s Valley). 18 Melchizedek king of Salem brought out bread and wine. (Now he was the priest of the Most High God.) 19 He blessed Abram, saying, “Blessed be Abram by the Most High God, Creator of heaven and earth. 20 Worthy of praise is the Most High God, who delivered your enemies into your hand.” Abram gave Melchizedek a tenth of everything.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Hebrews 7:3

New Testament
1 Now this Melchizedek, king of Salem, priest of the most high God, met Abraham as he was returning from defeating the kings and blessed him. 2 To him also Abraham apportioned a tithe of everything. His name first means king of righteousness, then king of Salem, that is, king of peace. 3 Without father, without mother, without genealogy, he has neither beginning of days nor end of life but is like the son of God, and he remains a priest for all time. 4 But see how great he must be, if Abraham the patriarch gave him a tithe of his plunder. 5 And those of the sons of Levi who receive the priestly office have authorization according to the law to collect a tithe from the people, that is, from their fellow countrymen, although they, too, are descendants of Abraham.
80–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Hebrews

References

"... Hebrews 7:1-25 is based on a coherent Christological interpretation of Psalm 110.4 supplemented by Genesis 14:17-24 that leaves no room for speculation about a heavenly or angelic Melchizedek. The best assumption is that the writer sees in the mysterious appearance and disappearance of this genealogy-less priest a picture of the eternal Son of God who is the priest forever of Psalm 110:4. Melchizedek has only prophetic, but not soteriological significance. The lack of clear evidence for Melchizedek speculations contemporary with Hebrews confirms the conclusions reached in our study or Hebrews 7:1-25. Mainstream Jewish interpretation, represented by the Targums, the Rabbinic writings, and Josephus, understood the Melchizedek of Genesis 14:14-24 and Psalm 110:4 as a human being, often identifying him with Shem and his city Salem with Jerusalem. However, many have suggested that Philo and 11QMelch bear testimony to speculations about Melchizedek. Because of Hebrews' alleged affinity with both Philonic Judaism and Qumran eschatology it is important to investigate these claims ..."
Gareth Lee Cockerill, “Melchizedek without Speculation: Hebrews 7.1–25 and Genesis 14.17–24,” in A Cloud of Witnesses: The Theology of Hebrews in Its Ancient Contexts, ed. Richard Bauckham, Daniel Driver, Trevor Hart, and Nathan MacDonald (London: T&T Clark, 2008), 133–134.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 14:18 and Hebrews 7:3

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