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Hebrews

About this book
Chapter 7

1 Now this Melchizedek, king of Salem, priest of the most high God, met Abraham as he was returning from defeating the kings and blessed him. 2 To him also Abraham apportioned a tithe of everything. His name first means king of righteousness, then king of Salem, that is, king of peace.⁠ 3 Without father, without mother, without genealogy, he has neither beginning of days nor end of life⁠ but is like the son of God,⁠ and he remains a priest for all time.⁠ 4 But see how great he must be, if Abraham the patriarch gave him a tithe of his plunder. 5 And those of the sons of Levi who receive the priestly office have authorization according to the law to collect a tithe from the people, that is, from their fellow countrymen, although they, too, are descendants of Abraham. 6 But Melchizedek who does not share their ancestry collected a tithe from Abraham and blessed the one who possessed the promise. 7 Now without dispute the inferior is blessed by the superior, 8 and in one case tithes are received by mortal men, while in the other by him who is affirmed to be alive. 9 And it could be said that Levi himself, who receives tithes, paid a tithe through Abraham. 10 For he was still in his ancestor Abraham’s loins when Melchizedek met him. 11 So if perfection had in fact been possible through the Levitical priesthood—for on that basis the people received the law—what further need would there have been for another priest to arise, said to be in the order of Melchizedek and not in Aaron’s order? 12 For when the priesthood changes, a change in the law must come as well. 13 Yet the one these things are spoken about belongs to a different tribe, and no one from that tribe has ever officiated at the altar. 14 For it is clear that our Lord is descended from Judah, yet Moses said nothing about priests in connection with that tribe. 15 And this is even clearer if another priest arises in the likeness of Melchizedek, 16 who has become a priest not by a legal regulation about physical descent but by the power of an indestructible life. 17 For here is the testimony about him: “You are a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek.” 18 On the one hand a former command is set aside because it is weak and useless, 19 for the law made nothing perfect. On the other hand a better hope is introduced, through which we draw near to God. 20 And since this was not done without a sworn affirmation—for the others have become priests without a sworn affirmation, 21 but Jesus did so with a sworn affirmation by the one who said to him, “The Lord has sworn and will not change his mind, ‘You are a priest forever’”— 22 accordingly Jesus has become the guarantee of a better covenant. 23 And the others who became priests were numerous because death prevented them from continuing in office, 24 but he holds his priesthood permanently since he lives forever. 25 So he is able to save completely those who come to God through him because he always lives to intercede for them. 26 For it is indeed fitting for us to have such a high priest: holy, innocent, undefiled, separate from sinners, and exalted above the heavens. 27 He has no need to do every day what those priests do, to offer sacrifices first for their own sins and then for the sins of the people, since he did this in offering himself once for all. 28 For the law appoints as high priests men subject to weakness, but the word of solemn affirmation that came after the law appoints a son made perfect forever.

Texts in conversation

Compare 11Q13 2:8 and Hebrews 7:3

Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Interpretation · New Testament

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Summary

In 11Q13 from the Dead Sea Scrolls, Melchizedek’s atonement belongs to a final Jubilee. Hebrews makes his continuing priesthood central, using the absence of birth or death in the Genesis account to present him as a model for Jesus.

Passages

11Q13 2:8

Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Interpretation · The Heavenly Prince Melchizedek
6 will bring them back to them. He will proclaim liberty to them, to release them from [the burden of] all their iniquities. And [thus] this thing will happen 7 in the first week of the jubilee that follows the nine jubilees. The Day of Atonement is the end of the tenth jubilee, 8 to atone on it for all the sons of [light] and the men of the lot of Melchizedek. […] … upon them … according to all their deeds, for 9 this is the time of the year of favor for Melchizedek and for his armies, the people of the holy ones of God, for a reign of judgment, as it is written
100–50 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 11Q13

Hebrews 7:3

New Testament
1 Now this Melchizedek, king of Salem, priest of the most high God, met Abraham as he was returning from defeating the kings and blessed him. 2 To him also Abraham apportioned a tithe of everything. His name first means king of righteousness, then king of Salem, that is, king of peace. 3 Without father, without mother, without genealogy, he has neither beginning of days nor end of life but is like the son of God, and he remains a priest for all time. 4 But see how great he must be, if Abraham the patriarch gave him a tithe of his plunder.
80–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Hebrews

References

“... Heb. vii. 3 and vii. 8 implies that Melchizedek's priesthood still continues and that he is still living. At first blush this view of Melchizedek seems remarkably similar to that of the 11Q Mel- chizedek. In the 11Q, Melchizedek, Melchizedek will make atonement for the Sons of Light on the last jubilee (lines 6, 8). Further, since the text calls Melchizedek an Elokim, it is reason- able to assume that he is regarded as immortal. However, the theme of Melchizedek's immortality is of no importance what- sover in the 1 iQ, Melchizedek as we have it, and Melchizedek's priestly function is never brought into connection with his im- mortality: Melchizedek will offer a single act of atonement on the tenth jubilee. [...] It is not impossible to see how a Christian writer, privy to Qumranite speculation about Melchizedek, might pattern Christ's priesthood upon that supra-mundane model. In doing so, however, it would be difficult to escape a subordination of Christ to Melchizedek similar to the subordination found in some of the Melchizedekian heresies. This subordination would conflict seriously with the view of the author of Hebrews in chapters i and ii that Christ is superior to the heavenly beings, and that in putting all things in subjection to Christ, God ex- empted nothing, including a heavenly Melchizedek (cf. Heb. ii. 8). To conclude that Christ is a priest according to the order of a heavenly Melchizedek would be to conclude that the author of Hebrews in chapter vii is departing from a principle he thought important enough to demonstrate in his initial chapters. [...] Hebrew's notion of a perpetual priesthood for Melchizedek is derived from exegesis of Gen. xiv. There is no need for the additional hypothesis that this exegesis was augmented by concepts similar to those in the 11Q, Melchizedek. At the very least this would be to multiply hypotheses without need. Also this would point to a fundamental contradiction in the argument of Hebrews. ...”
Fred L. Horton Jr., The Melchizedek Tradition: A Critical Examination of the Sources to the Fifth Century A.D. and in the Epistle to the Hebrews, SNTSMS 30 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), 169.

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11Q13 2:8 and Hebrews 7:3

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