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Hebrews

About this book
Chapter 7

1 Now this Melchizedek, king of Salem, priest of the most high God, met Abraham as he was returning from defeating the kings and blessed him. 2 To him also Abraham apportioned a tithe of everything. His name first means king of righteousness, then king of Salem, that is, king of peace.⁠ 3 Without father, without mother, without genealogy, he has neither beginning of days nor end of life⁠ but is like the son of God,⁠ and he remains a priest for all time.⁠ 4 But see how great he must be, if Abraham the patriarch gave him a tithe of his plunder. 5 And those of the sons of Levi who receive the priestly office have authorization according to the law to collect a tithe from the people, that is, from their fellow countrymen, although they, too, are descendants of Abraham. 6 But Melchizedek who does not share their ancestry collected a tithe from Abraham and blessed the one who possessed the promise. 7 Now without dispute the inferior is blessed by the superior, 8 and in one case tithes are received by mortal men, while in the other by him who is affirmed to be alive. 9 And it could be said that Levi himself, who receives tithes, paid a tithe through Abraham. 10 For he was still in his ancestor Abraham’s loins when Melchizedek met him. 11 So if perfection had in fact been possible through the Levitical priesthood—for on that basis the people received the law—what further need would there have been for another priest to arise, said to be in the order of Melchizedek and not in Aaron’s order? 12 For when the priesthood changes, a change in the law must come as well. 13 Yet the one these things are spoken about belongs to a different tribe, and no one from that tribe has ever officiated at the altar. 14 For it is clear that our Lord is descended from Judah, yet Moses said nothing about priests in connection with that tribe. 15 And this is even clearer if another priest arises in the likeness of Melchizedek, 16 who has become a priest not by a legal regulation about physical descent but by the power of an indestructible life. 17 For here is the testimony about him: “You are a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek.” 18 On the one hand a former command is set aside because it is weak and useless, 19 for the law made nothing perfect. On the other hand a better hope is introduced, through which we draw near to God. 20 And since this was not done without a sworn affirmation—for the others have become priests without a sworn affirmation, 21 but Jesus did so with a sworn affirmation by the one who said to him, “The Lord has sworn and will not change his mind, ‘You are a priest forever’”— 22 accordingly Jesus has become the guarantee of a better covenant. 23 And the others who became priests were numerous because death prevented them from continuing in office, 24 but he holds his priesthood permanently since he lives forever. 25 So he is able to save completely those who come to God through him because he always lives to intercede for them. 26 For it is indeed fitting for us to have such a high priest: holy, innocent, undefiled, separate from sinners, and exalted above the heavens. 27 He has no need to do every day what those priests do, to offer sacrifices first for their own sins and then for the sins of the people, since he did this in offering himself once for all. 28 For the law appoints as high priests men subject to weakness, but the word of solemn affirmation that came after the law appoints a son made perfect forever.

Texts in conversation

Compare Philo, Allegorical Interpretation 3.79 and Hebrews 7:2

Classical · New Testament

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Summary

Philo and Hebrews both interpret Melchizedek’s name through its Greek translation as “king of righteousness” and “king of peace.” Hebrews builds its case for Jesus’ priesthood on this allegorical reading, similar to Philo’s interpretive method.

Passages

Philo, Allegorical Interpretation 3.79

Classical
God has also made Melchizedek both king of peace, for that is the meaning of “Salem,” and His own priest (Gen. xiv. 18). He has not first fashioned any deed of his, but brings him forward from the outset as such a king, peaceable and worthy of His own priesthood. For he is called “the righteous king,” and a “king” is the enemy of a despot: the one is the author of laws, the other of lawlessness. So the mind that plays the despot issues harsh and hurtful decrees for both soul and body that bring grievous woes: I mean the conduct that wickedness prompts, and free indulgence of the passions. But the king first resorts to persuasion rather than decrees, and then issues directions that enable a vessel, I mean the living being, to make life’s voyage successfully, piloted by the good pilot, who is right principle. So let the despot’s title be ruler of war, and the king’s prince of peace, of Salem, and let the king offer the soul food full of joy and gladness; for he brings bread and wine, which Ammonites and Moabites refused to supply to the seeing one, and for this reason they are excluded from the divine congregation and assembly. These characters, the Ammonites, who derive their nature from their mother, sense-perception, and the Moabites, who derive theirs from their father, mind, hold that all things owe their coherence to these two things, mind and sense-perception, and take no thought of God; and they “shall not enter,” says Moses, “into the congregation of the Lord, because they did not meet us with bread and water” (Deut. xxiii. 3 f.) when we came out from the passions of Egypt.
20–50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Philo, Allegorical Interpretation

Hebrews 7:2

New Testament
1 Now this Melchizedek, king of Salem, priest of the most high God, met Abraham as he was returning from defeating the kings and blessed him. 2 To him also Abraham apportioned a tithe of everything. His name first means king of righteousness, then king of Salem, that is, king of peace. 3 Without father, without mother, without genealogy, he has neither beginning of days nor end of life but is like the son of God, and he remains a priest for all time.
80–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Hebrews

References

... as ‘king of righteousness.’ The first part of the name ‘Melchizedek’ (melchi-) corresponds to the Hebrew word for ‘king’ (melek) with the first person singular suffix. The last part (-zedek) corresponds to the Hebrew word for ‘righteous’ (zedeq). The similar name Adoni-zedek (Joshua 10:1) may have meant ‘my king is Zedek,’ with ‘Zedek’ as the name of a deity, or ‘my king is righteous’ (Kobelski, Melchizedek, 55). People in the first century took the two parts of the name to be in a genitive relationship: ‘king of righteousness’ (Philo, Allegorical Interpretation 79; Josephus, Jewish War 6.438; Antiquities 1.180). Righteousness had messianic associations in some Old Testament texts (Isaiah 9:7; Jeremiah 23:5; 33:15), and Hebrews depicted the exalted Christ as a righteous king (Hebrews 1:8-9). “king of peace.” The Hebrew word ‘Salem,’ which is transliterated in the Septuagint, was originally a place-name. Hebrews equated it with the Hebrew word shalom, which means ‘peace’ (compare Philo, Allegorical Interpretation 79; Psalm 76:2 [75:3 LXX]) ...
Craig R. Koester, Hebrews: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010), 342–343.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Philo, Allegorical Interpretation 3.79 and Hebrews 7:2

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