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Haggai

About this book
Chapter 2

1 On the twenty-first day of the seventh month, the Lord’s message came through the prophet Haggai again: 2 “Ask the following questions to Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, governor of Judah, the high priest Joshua son of Jehozadak, and the remnant of the people: 3 ‘Who among you survivors saw the former splendor of this temple? How does it look to you now? Isn’t it nothing by comparison?’ 4 Even so, take heart, Zerubbabel,” decrees the Lord. “Take heart, Joshua son of Jehozadak, the high priest. And take heart all you citizens of the land,” decrees the Lord, “and begin to work. For I am with you,”⁠ decrees the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. 5 “Do not fear, because I made a promise to your ancestors when they left Egypt,⁠ and my Spirit even now testifies to you.” 6 Moreover, this is what the Lord of Heaven’s Armies has said: “In just a little while I will once again shake the sky and the earth, the sea and the dry ground.⁠ 7 I will also shake up all the nations, and they will offer their treasures; then I will fill this temple with glory.”⁠ So the Lord of Heaven’s Armies has said. 8 “The silver and gold will be mine,” decrees the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. 9 “The future splendor of this temple will be greater than that of former times,” the Lord of Heaven’s Armies has declared. “And in this place I will give peace,” decrees the Lord of Heaven’s Armies.⁠ 10 On the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month of Darius’ second year, the Lord’s message came to the prophet Haggai: 11 “This is what the Lord of Heaven’s Armies has said, ‘Ask the priests about the law.⁠ 12 If someone carries holy meat in a fold of his garment and that fold touches bread, a boiled dish, wine, olive oil, or any other food, will that item become holy?’” The priests answered, “It will not.”⁠ 13 Then Haggai asked, “If a person who is ritually unclean because of touching a dead body comes in contact with one of these items, will it become unclean?” The priests answered, “It will be unclean.” 14 Then Haggai responded, “‘The people of this nation are unclean in my sight,’ decrees the Lord. ‘And so is all their effort; everything they offer is also unclean.⁠ 15 Now therefore reflect carefully on the recent past, before one stone was laid on another in the Lord’s temple. 16 From that time when one came expecting a heap of 20 measures, there were only 10; when one came to the wine vat to draw out 50 measures from it, there were only 20. 17 I struck all the products of your labor with blight, disease, and hail,⁠ and yet you brought nothing to me,’⁠ says the Lord. 18 ‘Think carefully about the past: from today, the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month, to the day work on the temple of the Lord was resumed, think about it. 19 The seed is still in the storehouse, isn’t it? And the vine, fig tree, pomegranate, and olive tree have not produced.⁠ Nevertheless, from today on I will bless you.’” 20 Then the Lord spoke to Haggai a second time on the twenty-fourth day of the month: 21 “Tell Zerubbabel governor of Judah: ‘I am ready to shake the sky and the earth. 22 I will overthrow royal thrones and shatter the might of earthly kingdoms. I will overthrow chariots and those who ride them, and horses and their riders will fall as people kill one another.⁠ 23 On that day,’ says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, ‘I will take you, Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, my servant,’ says the Lord, ‘and I will make you like a signet ring, for I have chosen you,’⁠ says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Haggai 2:23 and Sirach 49:11

Hebrew Bible · Deuterocanon

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Summary

Haggai portrays Zerubbabel as divinely chosen, comparing him to a signet ring that represents royal authority given by God. Sirach similarly honors Zerubbabel among Israel’s notable leaders, reinforcing the same themes of election and legitimate rule.

Passages

Haggai 2:23

Hebrew Bible
21 “Tell Zerubbabel governor of Judah: ‘I am ready to shake the sky and the earth. 22 I will overthrow royal thrones and shatter the might of earthly kingdoms. I will overthrow chariots and those who ride them, and horses and their riders will fall as people kill one another. 23 On that day,’ says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, ‘I will take you, Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, my servant,’ says the Lord, ‘and I will make you like a signet ring, for I have chosen you,’ says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies.”
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Haggai

Sirach 49:11

Deuterocanon · Ben Sira, Ecclesiasticus
9 For truly he remembered the enemies in rainstorm, and to do good to those who directed their ways aright. 10 Also of the twelve prophets, may their bones flourish again out of their place. He comforted the people of Jacob, and delivered them by confident hope. 11 How shall we magnify Zerubbabel? He was like a signet ring on the right hand. 12 So was Jesus the son of Josedek, who in their days built the house, and exalted a people holy to the Lord, prepared for everlasting glory. 13 Also of Nehemiah the memory is great. He raised up for us fallen walls, set up the gates and bars, and rebuilt our houses.
195–180 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Sirach

References

"... As the narrative progresses, Mordecai is presented as a substitute king. Like Joseph in Genesis 41:42, Mordecai is given the signet ring in Esther 8:2, signifying the investiture of a “viceroy ... [or] vassal-king” who can act in the name of the king. (Compare Genesis 41:42; Esther 3:10, 12; 8:8, 10; Haggai 2:23; Sirach 49:11; ANET 295) He is then paraded through the streets again in regal fashion (8:15), before being given an official title for the highest ranked person other than the king. Presumably this is a higher position than the one held by Haman, as Haman was previously in a higher position than anyone-else (compare Esther 3:1), with all but regal authority; to be a šar puḫi was the only possible form of advancement. As part of the burlesque of the narrative, instead of Haman receiving this honour it is Mordecai who does ..."
D. M. Lees, “Intertextual Ripples of the Book of Esther: An Evaluation of Σταυρωθήτω and Ἰουδαΐζω in the New Testament” (PhD diss., Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 2018), 242.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Haggai 2:23 and Sirach 49:11

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