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Gudea Cylinders

The Building of Ningirsu's Temple

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Cylinder A: The Dream and Building of Eninnu

Enlil Ordains the Building of Eninnu

Column A 1

1 When on the day for determining destinies in heaven and earth, 2 Lagash lifted its head toward heaven according to the great divine decrees, 3 Enlil looked with true favor upon Lord Ningirsu: 4 “In our city, what is fitting has not yet appeared! 5 The high waters do not return to their banks; 6 the floodwaters of Enlil do not return to their banks; 7 the high waters do not return to their banks! 8 The rising flood does not gleam in its fullness; 9 the floodwaters of Enlil do not bring sweet water like the Tigris.

10 Let the king of the temple proclaim it; 11 let him make the divine decrees of Eninnu shine forth in heaven and earth!” 12 The ruler, a man of vast understanding, applied his mind as well. 13 Great offerings he presented; 14 faultless oxen and faultless kids he caused to be brought directly. 15 The brick of destiny lifted its head toward him; 16 to build the holy temple, it craned its neck toward him.

Ningirsu Appears to Gudea in a Dream

17 Toward his lord by day and in the middle of the night, 18 Gudea looked toward Lord Ningirsu, 19 who commanded him concerning the building of his temple, 20 and upon Eninnu, whose divine decrees are great, 21 he turned his gaze.

22 Gudea, whose heart is profound, 23 pondered these words with a sigh: 24 “Truly, truly I must speak of it; truly, truly I must speak of it! 25 With this command I will go forward. 26 I am the shepherd, and princely rule has been bestowed upon me. 27 What the middle of the night has brought to me—⁠ 28 its meaning I do not understand. 29 To my mother my dream truly I will report;

Texts in conversation

Solomon's Dream at Gibeon Echoes the Dream of Gudea

Ancient Near East, Sumerian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In the Dream of Gudea, the Sumerian ruler sleeps at a sanctuary, prays, and receives a dream granting divine approval to build the temple. 1 Kings shows Solomon doing the same at Gibeon, where God appears in a dream.

Passages

Gudea Cylinders A i 27

Ancient Near East, Sumerian · The Building of Ningirsu's Temple
17 Toward his lord by day and in the middle of the night, 18 Gudea looked toward Lord Ningirsu, 19 who commanded him concerning the building of his temple, 20 and upon Eninnu, whose divine decrees are great, 21 he turned his gaze. 22 Gudea, whose heart is profound, 23 pondered these words with a sigh: 24 “Truly, truly I must speak of it; truly, truly I must speak of it! 25 With this command I will go forward. 26 I am the shepherd, and princely rule has been bestowed upon me. 27 What the middle of the night has brought to me— 28 its meaning I do not understand. 29 To my mother my dream truly I will report;
2125 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Gudea Cylinders

1 Kings 3:5

Hebrew Bible
4 The king went to Gibeon to offer sacrifices, for it had the most prominent of the high places. Solomon would offer up 1,000 burnt sacrifices on the altar there. 5 One night in Gibeon the Lord appeared to Solomon in a dream. God said, “Tell me what I should give you.” 6 Solomon replied, “You demonstrated great loyalty to your servant, my father David, as he served you faithfully, properly, and sincerely. You have maintained this great loyalty to this day by allowing his son to sit on his throne.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Kings

References

... We find, then, a great similarity between these accounts and the tradition concerning the construction of the Solomonic temple. It is interesting to note, however, that the resemblance is confined to the pre-deuteronomic strand of the Biblical narrative (5: 16-8: 13; 8: 62-6), whereas the deuteronomic traditions (3: 5-14; 8: 14-61; 9: 3-9) present an entirely different picture. While Gudea, Esarhaddon, Nabonidus, and Baal await a prophetic dream or divine approval to signal the beginning of the construction, Solomon's dream at Gibeon, according to the deuteronomic account, serves merely as the medium through which the Deity promises him judicial wisdom ... It appears, therefore, that the pre-deuteronomic source contained traditions similar to those found in the extra-Biblical accounts of sanctuary building cited above, but that they had been reworked by the Deuteronomist who wished to accommodate them to his own purposes. The dreams at Gibeon, where the great high place stood, seem originally to have pertained like Nathan's dream, the Patriarchal dreams, and those of Gudea and Nabonidus, to the building of the temple. The purpose of Solomon's journey to Gibeon apparently was to receive a revelation conveying divine permission to begin the construction of a temple; this is why he offers up a holocaust of a thousand sacrifices and spends the night in the sanctuary (= incubation) ...
Moshe Weinfeld, Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic School (London: Oxford University Press, 1972), 248–250.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Gudea Cylinders A i 27 and 1 Kings 3:5

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