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Gospel of Philip

About this book

Names-Labels; Truth and Error

Chapter 2

The names assigned to what pertains to the world include a great error. This is because they cause the mind to stray from what is right to what is not right. Even he who hears “God” does not think of what is right, but he thinks of what is not right. The same is even the case with “the Father,” and “the Son,” and “the holy Spirit,” and “the life,” and “the light,” and “the resurrection,” and “the church,” and everything else. It is not the case that [what is right] is thought of, but what is [not] right is thought of, unless they have thought the right way. The [names that are heard] pertain to the world. [...] [deceive]. [If they pertained] to the age (to come) they would never have been assigned as names in the world, nor would they have been assigned to things pertaining to the world. They will have their end in the age (to come). There is one name that is not spoken in the world, the name the Father gave to the Son. It is exalted above all, being the name of the Father, because the Son would not have become Father if he had not donned the name of the Father. Those who possess this name know what it is, but they do not speak it. Those, however, who do not possess it, do not know what it is. Truth, however, brought forth names in the world for our sakes, because we cannot learn it apart from the names. Truth is both one and many, and it is our concern to teach this one thing alone in love by means of the many. The archons wanted to mislead the man because they saw he enjoyed kinship with what is truly good. They took the name of what is good and they applied it to those that are not good, in order that by means of the names they could mislead him and attach them to those that are not good, and subsequently, as though they are performing a service for them, to separate them from those that are not good, and to relocate them to those that are good. Of these matters they were aware, because they desired to take the one who was free and put him into slavery to them perpetually. There are powers that exist that [...] for man. They do not wish him to be [saved], in order that they may become [...], because if man [were saved], sacrifices [would not] take place, [...] and animals were sacrificed to the powers, because those who were sacrificed were animals. They were sacrificed while alive. However, when they were sacrificed, they died. The Man was sacrificed to God while dead, and he lived. Before Christ came, bread was lacking in the world, just as in Paradise, the place where Adam dwelt, several trees existed as food for the animals. There was no wheat there to serve as food for the man. The man ate like the animals. However, when Christ came, the Perfect Man, he brought bread from heaven, in order that the man would be fed with food appropriate for the man.⁠ The archons were thinking it was through their power and their desire that they were acting as they did. However, the holy Spirit in secret was bringing about everything by means of them as she wished. Truth, which has existed from the beginning, is sown in all places, and many are they who see it when it is sown. However, few there are who see it when it is reaped.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare John 6:51 and Gospel of Philip 2:27

New Testament · Nag Hammadi

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Summary

The Gospel of Philip draws on John's image of bread from heaven, but presents Jesus as bringing the bread rather than being the bread. This shift makes the meal a gift through which people share in the life Jesus brought into the world.

Passages

John 6:51

New Testament
47 I tell you the solemn truth, the one who believes has eternal life. 48 I am the bread of life. 49 Your ancestors ate the manna in the wilderness, and they died. 50 This is the bread that has come down from heaven, so that a person may eat from it and not die. 51 I am the living bread that came down from heaven. If anyone eats from this bread he will live forever. The bread that I will give for the life of the world is my flesh.” 52 Then the Jews who were hostile to Jesus began to argue with one another, “How can this man give us his flesh to eat?”
90–110 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in John

Gospel of Philip 2:27

Nag Hammadi
Before Christ came, bread was lacking in the world, just as in Paradise, the place where Adam dwelt, several trees existed as food for the animals. There was no wheat there to serve as food for the man. The man ate like the animals. However, when Christ came, the Perfect Man, he brought bread from heaven, in order that the man would be fed with food appropriate for the man. The archons were thinking it was through their power and their desire that they were acting as they did. However, the holy Spirit in secret was bringing about everything by means of them as she wished. Truth, which has existed from the beginning, is sown in all places, and many are they who see it when it is sown. However, few there are who see it when it is reaped.
180–250 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Gospel of Philip

References

“... The verbal overlap between these passages is ‘bread from heaven,’ as well as a thematic overlap of Jesus identifying himself as ‘the living bread that came down out of heaven’ in John 6:51, and the Gos. Phil. indicates that ‘when Christ came, the perfect man, he brought bread from heaven’ (55.11–13).35 This saying is also similar to §93 (73.23–27), ‘It was from that place that Jesus came and brought food. To those who so desired he gave [life, that] they might not die.’ [...] While a Eucharistic interpretation of John 6:51 in §15 is likely, it does not explain the difference between Jesus being the ‘living bread that came down from heaven’ (John 6:51) where the bread is associated with his flesh, and the Christ who ‘brought bread from heaven’ (55.12–13) where the bread appears to be distinct from himself. ...”
Lorne R. Zelyck, John among the Other Gospels: The Reception of the Fourth Gospel in the Extra-Canonical Gospels (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013), 114–115.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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John 6:51 and Gospel of Philip 2:27

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