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Genesis

About this book

God's Covenant with Noah

Chapter 9

1 Then God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth.⁠ 2 Every living creature of the earth and every bird of the sky will be terrified of you. Everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea are under your authority. 3 You may eat any moving thing that lives. As I gave you the green plants, I now give you everything. 4 “But you must not eat meat with its life (that is, its blood) in it.⁠ 5 For your lifeblood I will surely exact punishment, from every living creature I will exact punishment.⁠ From each person I will exact punishment for the life of the individual since the man was his relative.⁠ 6 “Whoever sheds human blood, by other humans must his blood be shed;⁠ for in God’s image God has made humankind.⁠ 7 “But as for you, be fruitful and multiply; increase abundantly on the earth and multiply on it.” 8 God said to Noah and his sons, 9 “Look. I now confirm my covenant with you and your descendants after you 10 and with every living creature that is with you, including the birds, the domestic animals, and every living creature of the earth with you, all those that came out of the ark with you—every living creature of the earth. 11 I confirm my covenant with you: Never again will all living things be wiped out by the waters of a flood; never again will a flood destroy the earth.”⁠ 12 And God said, “This is the guarantee of the covenant I am making with you and every living creature with you, a covenant for all subsequent generations: 13 I will place my bow35 in the clouds, and it will become a guarantee of the covenant between me and the earth.⁠ 14 Whenever I bring clouds over the earth and the bow35 appears in the clouds, 15 then I will remember my covenant with you and with all living creatures of all kinds. Never again will the waters become a flood and destroy all living things.⁠ 16 When the rainbow is in the clouds, I will notice it and remember the perpetual covenant between God and all living creatures⁠ of all kinds that are on the earth.”⁠ 17 So God said to Noah, “This is the guarantee of the covenant that I am confirming between me and all living things that are on the earth.”

Noah and His Sons

18 The sons of Noah who came out of the ark were Shem, Ham, and Japheth. (Now Ham was the father of Canaan.) 19 These were the three sons of Noah, and from them the whole earth was populated. 20 Noah, a man of the soil, began to plant a vineyard.⁠ 21 When he drank some of the wine, he got drunk and uncovered himself inside his tent.⁠ 22 Ham, the father of Canaan, saw his father’s nakedness and told his two brothers who were outside.⁠ 23 Shem and Japheth took the garment and placed it on their shoulders. Then they walked in backwards and covered up their father’s nakedness. Their faces were turned the other way so they did not see their father’s nakedness. 24 When Noah awoke from his drunken stupor he learned what his youngest son had done to him.⁠ 25 So he said, “Cursed be Canaan! The lowest of slaves he will be to his brothers.”⁠ 26 He also said, “Worthy of praise is the Lord, the God of Shem! May Canaan be the slave of Shem! 27 May God enlarge Japheth’s territory and numbers! May he live in the tents of Shem and may Canaan be the slave of Japheth!” 28 After the flood Noah lived 350 years. 29 The entire lifetime of Noah was 950 years, and then he died.

Texts in conversation

Compare Epic of Gilgamesh XI 166 and Genesis 9:15

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

The Epic of Gilgamesh and Genesis include post-flood moments where a deity vows to never forget it. In Gilgamesh, the goddess Beletili swears to remember the flood, and in Genesis God promises to remember the covenant and never repeat it.

Passages

Epic of Gilgamesh XI 166

Ancient Near East, Babylonian
161 The gods smelled the aroma, 162 the gods smelled the sweet aroma, 163 the gods gathered like flies round the sacrificer. 164 As soon as Bēlet-ilī arrived, 165 she lifted aloft the great flies that Anu had made when he wooed (her): 166 “O gods, let these be lapis lazuli (beads) around my neck, 167 so that I remember these days and never forget them! 168 Let the gods come to the incense, 169 (but) may Enlil not come to the incense, 170 because he lacked counsel and caused the Deluge, 171 and delivered my people into destruction.” 172 As soon as Enlil arrived, 173 Enlil saw the boat and grew angry. 174 He was filled with rage against the Igigi gods: 175 “[From] where escaped (this) living creature?
2100 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Epic of Gilgamesh

Genesis 9:15

Hebrew Bible
13 I will place my bow35 in the clouds, and it will become a guarantee of the covenant between me and the earth. 14 Whenever I bring clouds over the earth and the bow35 appears in the clouds, 15 then I will remember my covenant with you and with all living creatures of all kinds. Never again will the waters become a flood and destroy all living things. 16 When the rainbow is in the clouds, I will notice it and remember the perpetual covenant between God and all living creatures of all kinds that are on the earth.” 17 So God said to Noah, “This is the guarantee of the covenant that I am confirming between me and all living things that are on the earth.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

References

"... The exact nature of the biblical flood story's journey from its distant pre–Israelite origins may be as unknowable as both its original form and its exact relationship to known Mesopotamian and connected Hellenistic traditions, but the fact that it took such a journey is beyond question ... Meaningful comparison and contrast is limited, however, to a handful of texts possessing geographical and cultural propinquity— the Mesopotamian texts being, The Epic of Atrahasis, Eridu Genesis, Epic of Gilgamesh, and Berossus's Babyloniaca, and the Hellenistic texts being, Bibliotheca, Metamorphosis, and De Syria Dea. Even without discovering Mesopotamian flood texts dating back to the 14th Century BC at Meggido and Ugarit, and back to the 13th at Emar in Syria, the existence of a connection between the biblical flood story and the Mesopotamian tradition would be obvious. The texts all follow a basic pattern, but what are far more important for validating the use of a mythopoetic lens in the reading of the biblical flood narrative are upwards of forty striking similarities in points of detail within this story pattern between the biblical account and these other texts ... The Noahic story, Eridu Genesis, Gilgamesh, and Atrahasis all have a divine blessing scene ... Both the Noahic account and Atrahasis end with a view to the changes in world structures that will prevent a recourse to the situation that led to the flood ... The Biblical Flood story, like Eridu Genesis, Gilgamesh and Atrahasis favors the use of the sacred number, seven ... Both YHWH and "Mistress of the gods" swear never to forget. She does so in both Atrahasis and Gilgamesh ..."
Andrew D. Sargent, Wind and Water in Gen 8:1 (Part 1): The Calming of the Waters in Gen 8:1 (Trinity International University, 2016), 1–31.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Epic of Gilgamesh XI 166 and Genesis 9:15

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