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Genesis

About this book

God's Covenant with Noah

Chapter 9

1 Then God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth.⁠ 2 Every living creature of the earth and every bird of the sky will be terrified of you. Everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea are under your authority. 3 You may eat any moving thing that lives. As I gave you the green plants, I now give you everything. 4 “But you must not eat meat with its life (that is, its blood) in it.⁠ 5 For your lifeblood I will surely exact punishment, from every living creature I will exact punishment.⁠ From each person I will exact punishment for the life of the individual since the man was his relative.⁠ 6 “Whoever sheds human blood, by other humans must his blood be shed;⁠ for in God’s image God has made humankind.⁠ 7 “But as for you, be fruitful and multiply; increase abundantly on the earth and multiply on it.” 8 God said to Noah and his sons, 9 “Look. I now confirm my covenant with you and your descendants after you 10 and with every living creature that is with you, including the birds, the domestic animals, and every living creature of the earth with you, all those that came out of the ark with you—every living creature of the earth. 11 I confirm my covenant with you: Never again will all living things be wiped out by the waters of a flood; never again will a flood destroy the earth.”⁠ 12 And God said, “This is the guarantee of the covenant I am making with you and every living creature with you, a covenant for all subsequent generations: 13 I will place my bow35 in the clouds, and it will become a guarantee of the covenant between me and the earth.⁠ 14 Whenever I bring clouds over the earth and the bow35 appears in the clouds, 15 then I will remember my covenant with you and with all living creatures of all kinds. Never again will the waters become a flood and destroy all living things.⁠ 16 When the rainbow is in the clouds, I will notice it and remember the perpetual covenant between God and all living creatures⁠ of all kinds that are on the earth.”⁠ 17 So God said to Noah, “This is the guarantee of the covenant that I am confirming between me and all living things that are on the earth.”

Noah and His Sons

18 The sons of Noah who came out of the ark were Shem, Ham, and Japheth. (Now Ham was the father of Canaan.) 19 These were the three sons of Noah, and from them the whole earth was populated. 20 Noah, a man of the soil, began to plant a vineyard.⁠ 21 When he drank some of the wine, he got drunk and uncovered himself inside his tent.⁠ 22 Ham, the father of Canaan, saw his father’s nakedness and told his two brothers who were outside.⁠ 23 Shem and Japheth took the garment and placed it on their shoulders. Then they walked in backwards and covered up their father’s nakedness. Their faces were turned the other way so they did not see their father’s nakedness. 24 When Noah awoke from his drunken stupor he learned what his youngest son had done to him.⁠ 25 So he said, “Cursed be Canaan! The lowest of slaves he will be to his brothers.”⁠ 26 He also said, “Worthy of praise is the Lord, the God of Shem! May Canaan be the slave of Shem! 27 May God enlarge Japheth’s territory and numbers! May he live in the tents of Shem and may Canaan be the slave of Japheth!” 28 After the flood Noah lived 350 years. 29 The entire lifetime of Noah was 950 years, and then he died.

Texts in conversation

Compare Homer, Iliad 1.44 and Genesis 9:13

Classical · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Genesis 9 and the opening of the Iliad both describe deities with bows, reflecting a common ancient Near Eastern and Greek tradition of storm deities. In Genesis, God hangs his bow in the sky after the flood, while Apollo shoots his from the clouds.

Passages

Homer, Iliad 1.44

Classical
40 fulfil for me this prayer: let the Danaans pay for my tears by your shafts.” So he spoke in prayer, and Phoebus Apollo heard him. Down from the peaks of Olympus he strode, angry at heart, bearing on his shoulders his bow and covered quiver. 45 The arrows rattled on the shoulders of the angry god, as he moved; and his coming was like the night. Then he sat down apart from the ships and let fly a shaft: terrible was the twang of the silver bow. The mules he assailed first and the swift dogs, 50 but thereafter on the men themselves he let fly his stinging arrows, and struck; and always the pyres of the dead burned thick. For nine days the missiles of the god went throughout the host, but on the tenth Achilles called the folk to the place of gathering, for so had the goddess, white-armed Hera, put it in his heart;
940 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Homer, Iliad

Genesis 9:13

Hebrew Bible
11 I confirm my covenant with you: Never again will all living things be wiped out by the waters of a flood; never again will a flood destroy the earth.” 12 And God said, “This is the guarantee of the covenant I am making with you and every living creature with you, a covenant for all subsequent generations: 13 I will place my bow35 in the clouds, and it will become a guarantee of the covenant between me and the earth. 14 Whenever I bring clouds over the earth and the bow35 appears in the clouds, 15 then I will remember my covenant with you and with all living creatures of all kinds. Never again will the waters become a flood and destroy all living things.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

References

"... The Babylonian chief god, Marduk, appears to fashion his own arms—a bow, arrow, club, net, lightning, and winds—with which he rides to meet the monstrous Tiamat in his storm chariot, drawn by a team of four creatures. The tendency in many of the traditions was for a figure originally associated with rain to evolve into a storm god, then into an armed storm god, and finally into a war god. Yahweh is an armed storm god/warrior (hanging up his bow after he destroys the world with a flood in Genesis 9:13), as is the Greek Apollo, who showers the Greeks with his arrows of plague: “Apart from the ships / he halted and let fly, and the bowstring slammed / as the silver bow sprang, rolling in thunder away” (Homer, Iliad) ..."
Deeanne Westbrook, Speaking of Gods in Figure and Narrative (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 52.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Homer, Iliad 1.44 and Genesis 9:13

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