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Genesis

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The Waters Recede

Chapter 8

1 But God remembered Noah and all the wild animals and domestic animals that were with him in the ark. God caused a wind to blow over the earth and the waters receded.⁠ 2 The fountains of the deep and the floodgates of heaven were closed, and the rain stopped falling from the sky.⁠ 3 The waters kept receding steadily from the earth, so that they had gone down by the end of the 150 days. 4 On the seventeenth day of the seventh month, the ark came to rest on one of the mountains of Ararat.⁠ 5 The waters kept on receding until the tenth month. On the first day of the tenth month, the tops of the mountains became visible.⁠ 6 At the end of 40 days, Noah opened the window he had made in the ark⁠ 7 and sent out a raven; it kept flying back and forth until the waters had dried up on the earth.⁠ 8 Then Noah sent out a dove to see if the waters had receded from the surface of the ground. 9 The dove could not find a resting place for its feet because water still covered the surface of the entire earth,⁠ and so it returned to Noah in the ark. He stretched out his hand, took the dove, and brought it back into the ark. 10 He waited seven more days and then sent out the dove again from the ark. 11 When the dove returned to him in the evening, there was a freshly plucked olive leaf in its beak! Noah knew that the waters had receded from the earth. 12 He waited another seven days and sent the dove out again, but it did not return to him this time. 13 In Noah’s six hundred and first year, in the first day of the first month, the waters had dried up from the earth, and Noah removed the covering from the ark and saw that the surface of the ground was dry. 14 And by the twenty-seventh day of the second month the earth was dry.

Leaving the Ark

15 Then God spoke to Noah and said, 16 “Come out of the ark, you, your wife, your sons, and your sons’ wives with you. 17 Bring out with you all the living creatures that are with you. Bring out every living thing, including the birds, animals, and every creeping thing that creeps on the earth. Let them increase and be fruitful and multiply on the earth!” 18 Noah went out along with his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives. 19 Every living creature, every creeping thing, every bird, and everything that moves on the earth went out of the ark in their groups.

Noah's Offering

20 Noah built an altar to the Lord. He then took some of every kind of clean animal and clean bird and offered burnt offerings on the altar.⁠ 21 And the Lord smelled the soothing aroma⁠ and said to himself,⁠ “I will never again curse the ground because of humankind,⁠ even though the inclination of their minds is evil from childhood on.⁠ I will never again destroy everything that lives, as I have just done. 22 “While the earth continues to exist, planting time and harvest, cold and heat, summer and winter, and day and night will not cease.”⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Epic of Gilgamesh XI 147 and Genesis 8:7

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

The Epic of Gilgamesh and Genesis both describe sending out three birds to see if the flood has gone down. In each, a dove returns but a raven does not, suggesting that Genesis is following existing Mesopotamian traditions.
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Passages

Epic of Gilgamesh XI 147

Ancient Near East, Babylonian
147 When the seventh day arrived — 148 I brought out a dove, setting it free: 149 Off went the dove, … 150 No perch was available for it, so it came back to [me]. 151 I brought out a swallow, setting it free: 152 Off went the swallow, … 153 No perch was available for [it], so it came back to me. 154 I brought out a raven, setting it free: 155 Off went the raven and it saw the waters receding. 156 So it could eat, scratch, peck (food), and did not come back to me. 157 I brought out an offering and sacrificed to the four corners of the earth, 158 I scattered incense on the peak of the mountain. 159 Seven flasks and seven I set in position, 160 below them I heaped up (sweet) reed, cedar and myrtle. 161 The gods smelled the aroma, 162 the gods smelled the sweet aroma, 163 the gods gathered like flies round the sacrificer.
2100 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Epic of Gilgamesh

Genesis 8:7

Hebrew Bible
5 The waters kept on receding until the tenth month. On the first day of the tenth month, the tops of the mountains became visible. 6 At the end of 40 days, Noah opened the window he had made in the ark 7 and sent out a raven; it kept flying back and forth until the waters had dried up on the earth. 8 Then Noah sent out a dove to see if the waters had receded from the surface of the ground. 9 The dove could not find a resting place for its feet because water still covered the surface of the entire earth, and so it returned to Noah in the ark. He stretched out his hand, took the dove, and brought it back into the ark.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

References

"... In the extensive flood story Genesis 6–9, only a brief kernel of the Yahwist’s version can be identified as pre-editorial text ... The editor has rendered the religiously significant scenes at the beginning and end in his own words. Where the Akkadian epics speak of the conflict among the gods, the Bible has the monologue of the god YHWH. The later elaboration of the flood account clearly also incorporates additional knowledge of the narrative tradition. This is evident especially in the birds scene 8:8–12, which has a parallel in Gilgamesh XI 145–54. External influence is also apparent in the version in the Priestly Writing, which has further details, such as the building of the ark ..."
Christoph Levin, “Genesis in Form and Tradition Criticism Today,” in The Cambridge Companion to Genesis, ed. Bill T. Arnold (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022), 74–98.
"... The Gilgamesh raven appears in the story just once, like the other birds. The time period is unclear: the dove is released on the seventh day that the boat is grounded (Tablet XI, 147–148), but when are the swallow and raven sent out? The ambiguous spacing out of seven days in Genesis 8:7–8 would seem like a faithful following of the ambiguity in Gilgamesh (Table XI, 148–156), and the non-return of the raven in Gilgamesh Tablet XI 155 seems to be echoed in the Masoretic text of Genesis 8:7 and LXX Genesis 8:7 in their different ways, and resolved eschatologically in 4Q254a ..."
Helen R. Jacobus, “Flood Calendars and Birds of the Ark in the Dead Sea Scrolls (4Q252 and 4Q254a), Septuagint, and Ancient Near East Texts,” in Opening Heaven’s Floodgates: The Genesis Flood Narrative, Its Context, and Reception, ed. Jason M. Silverman (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2013), 85–112.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Epic of Gilgamesh XI 147 and Genesis 8:7

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