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Genesis

About this book

The Sons of God and Human Women

Chapter 6

1 When humankind began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born to them,⁠ 2 the sons of God saw that the daughters of humankind were beautiful. Thus they took wives for themselves from any they chose.⁠ 3 So the Lord said, “My Spirit will not remain in humankind indefinitely, since they are mortal.⁠ They will remain for 120 more years.”⁠ 4 The Nephilim were on the earth in those days⁠ (and also after this) when the sons of God would sleep with the daughters of humankind,⁠ who gave birth to their children.⁠ They were the mighty heroes of old, the famous men.⁠

Human Wickedness and God's Judgment

5 But the Lord saw that the wickedness of humankind had become great on the earth. Every inclination of the thoughts of their minds was only evil all the time. 6 The Lord regretted that he had made humankind on the earth, and he was highly offended.⁠ 7 So the Lord said, “I will blot out* humankind, whom I have created, from the face of the earth—everything⁠ from humankind to animals, including creatures that move on the ground and birds of the air, for I regret that I have made them.”⁠ 8 But Noah found favor in the sight of the Lord.

Noah and the Ark

9 This is the account of Noah. Noah was a godly man; he was blameless among his contemporaries. He walked with God. 10 Noah had three sons: Shem, Ham, and Japheth. 11 The earth was ruined in the sight of God; the earth was filled with violence.⁠ 12 God saw the earth, and indeed it was ruined, for all living creatures on the earth were sinful.⁠ 13 So God said to Noah,⁠ “I have decided that all living creatures must die, for the earth is filled with violence because of them.⁠ Now I am about to destroy them and the earth.⁠ 14 Make for yourself an ark of cypress wood. Make rooms in the ark, and cover it with pitch inside and out.⁠ 15 This is how you should make it: The ark is to be 450 feet long, 75 feet wide, and 45 feet high. 16 Make a roof for the ark and finish it, leaving 18 inches from the top. Put a door in the side of the ark, and make lower, middle, and upper decks. 17 I am about to bring floodwaters on the earth to destroy from under the sky all the living creatures that have the breath of life in them.⁠ Everything that is on the earth will die,⁠ 18 but I will confirm my covenant with you. You will enter the ark—you, your sons, your wife, and your sons’ wives with you. 19 You must bring into the ark two of every kind of living creature from all flesh, male and female, to keep them alive with you.⁠ 20 Of the birds after their kinds, and of the cattle after their kinds, and of every creeping thing of the ground after its kind, two of every kind will come to you so you can keep them alive. 21 And you must take for yourself every kind of food that is eaten, and gather it together. It will be food for you and for them.” 22 And Noah did all that God commanded him—he did indeed.

Texts in conversation

Compare Epic of Gilgamesh XI 24 and Genesis 6:14

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

The Epic of Gilgamesh and Genesis begin their flood stories with a command to build a vessel sealed with pitch. A Hebrew word in Genesis can mean “reeds,” linking the ark to the reed-hut in Gilgamesh and suggesting both are depicted as floating temples.

Passages

Epic of Gilgamesh XI 24

Ancient Near East, Babylonian
21 “Reed fence, reed fence! Brick wall, brick wall! 22 Listen, O reed fence! Pay heed, O brick wall! 23 O man of Šuruppak, son of Ubār-Tutu, 24 demolish the house, build a boat! 25 Abandon riches and seek survival! 26 Spurn property and save life! 27 Put on board the boat the seed of all living creatures! 28 The boat that you are going to build, 29 her dimensions should all be matching: 30 her breadth and length should be the same, 31 cover her with a roof, like the Apsû”. 32 I understood and spoke to Ea my master: 33 “I hereby concur, my lord, with what you told me thus. 34 [I] have paid attention; I shall do it. 35 (But) how should I answer the city, the crowd and elders?
2100 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Epic of Gilgamesh

Genesis 6:14

Hebrew Bible
13 So God said to Noah, “I have decided that all living creatures must die, for the earth is filled with violence because of them. Now I am about to destroy them and the earth. 14 Make for yourself an ark of cypress wood. Make rooms in the ark, and cover it with pitch inside and out. 15 This is how you should make it: The ark is to be 450 feet long, 75 feet wide, and 45 feet high. 16 Make a roof for the ark and finish it, leaving 18 inches from the top. Put a door in the side of the ark, and make lower, middle, and upper decks. 17 I am about to bring floodwaters on the earth to destroy from under the sky all the living creatures that have the breath of life in them. Everything that is on the earth will die, 18 but I will confirm my covenant with you. You will enter the ark—you, your sons, your wife, and your sons’ wives with you. 19 You must bring into the ark two of every kind of living creature from all flesh, male and female, to keep them alive with you. 20 Of the birds after their kinds, and of the cattle after their kinds, and of every creeping thing of the ground after its kind, two of every kind will come to you so you can keep them alive. 21 And you must take for yourself every kind of food that is eaten, and gather it together. It will be food for you and for them.” 22 And Noah did all that God commanded him—he did indeed.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

References

"... These sixteen occurrences of קנים (“reeds”) are powerfully reminiscent of the dismantling of the reed-hut temple and the construction of the boat in the Mesopotamian myths in that they are all occasions where the “reed” is intimately related to the measurement and construction of a sacred place. This possibility of reading the קנים of Genesis 6:14 as an ark woven-of-reeds places the Genesis flood account well within the bull and shrine complex present in the Mesopotamian Epics of Gilgameš and Atraḫasīs. This קָנִים (“woven of reeds”) vocalization allows for the reading ... in order to show that the reed-hut is indeed present (albeit in a holophrastic sense) in the proposed קָנִים vocalization of Genesis 6:14 it will have to be demonstrated also that there is a mythic significance in the building materials themselves. As noted above it may be reasonable to see in the elements of Genesis 6:14 a list of building materials, before the assembly instructions of Genesis 6:15–16; therefore recording עֲצֵי־גֹפֶר (“gopher wood”), קָנִים (“reeds”), and כֹּפֶר (“bitumen” or “pitch”) as the required materials. Rather than refusing a parallel with the Epics of Gilgameš and Atraḫasīs, as Westermann insists, such a convincing reading of the Genesis 6:14 creates a tantalizingly tight parallel with the Mesopotamian flood myths. Gilgameš XI presents a list of the exact same materials, and in the same order as this reconstructed Genesis version, indicating a dependence on the latter by the former ..."
Jason Michael McCann, “'Woven of Reeds': Genesis 6:14b as Evidence for the Preservation of the Reed-Hut Urheiligtum in the Biblical Flood Narrative,” in Opening Heaven's Floodgates: The Genesis Flood Narrative, Its Context, and Reception, ed. Jason M. Silverman (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2013), 113–139.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Epic of Gilgamesh XI 24 and Genesis 6:14

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