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Genesis

About this book

Jacob's Farewell to His Sons

Chapter 49

1 Jacob called for his sons and said, “Gather together so I can tell you what will happen to you in future days.⁠ 2 “Assemble and listen, you sons of Jacob; listen to Israel, your father. 3 Reuben, you are my firstborn, my might and the beginning of my strength, outstanding in dignity, outstanding in power. 4 You are destructive like water and will not excel, for you got on your father’s bed, then you defiled it—he got on my couch!⁠ 5 Simeon and Levi are brothers, weapons of violence are their knives!⁠ 6 O my soul, do not come into their council, do not be united to their assembly, my heart, for in their anger they have killed men, and for pleasure they have hamstrung oxen.⁠ 7 Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce,⁠ and their fury, for it was cruel. I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel! 8 Judah, your brothers will praise you. Your hand will be on the neck of your enemies,⁠ your father’s sons will bow down before you.⁠ 9 You are a lion’s cub, Judah, from the prey, my son, you have gone up. He crouches and lies down like a lion; like a lioness—who will rouse him?⁠ 10 The scepter will not depart from Judah,⁠ nor the ruler’s staff from between his feet,⁠ until he comes to whom it belongs; the nations will obey him.⁠ 11 Binding his foal to the vine, and his colt to the choicest vine,⁠ he will wash his garments in wine, his robes in the blood of grapes.⁠ 12 His eyes will be red from wine, and his teeth white from milk. 13 Zebulun will live by the haven of the sea and become a haven for ships; his border will extend to Sidon. 14 Issachar is a strong-boned donkey lying down between two saddlebags. 15 When he sees a good resting place, and the pleasant land, he will bend his shoulder to the burden and become a slave laborer. 16 Dan will judge his people as one of the tribes of Israel. 17 May Dan be a snake beside the road, a viper by the path, that bites the heels of the horse so that its rider falls backward. 18 I wait for your deliverance, O Lord. 19 Gad will be raided by marauding bands, but he will attack them at their heels. 20 Asher’s food will be rich, and he will provide delicacies to royalty. 21 Naphtali is a free running doe, he speaks delightful words. 22 Joseph is a fruitful bough, a fruitful bough near a spring whose branches climb over the wall. 23 The archers will attack him, they will shoot at him and oppose him. 24 But his bow will remain steady, and his hands will be skillful; because of the hands of the Powerful One of Jacob,⁠ because of the Shepherd, the Rock of Israel,⁠ 25 because of the God of your father, who will help you, because of the Sovereign God, who will bless you⁠ with blessings from the sky above, blessings from the deep that lies below,⁠ and blessings of the breasts and womb.⁠ 26 The blessings of your father are greater than the blessings of the eternal mountains or the desirable things of the age-old hills. They will be on the head of Joseph and on the brow of the prince of his brothers.⁠ 27 Benjamin is a ravenous wolf; in the morning devouring the prey, and in the evening dividing the plunder.” 28 These are the twelve tribes of Israel. This is what their father said to them when he blessed them. He gave each of them an appropriate blessing.

Jacob's Burial Instructions and Death

29 Then he instructed them, “I am about to go to my people. Bury me with my fathers in the cave in the field of Ephron the Hittite. 30 It is the cave in the field of Machpelah, near Mamre in the land of Canaan, which Abraham bought for a burial plot from Ephron the Hittite. 31 There they buried Abraham and his wife Sarah; there they buried Isaac and his wife Rebekah;⁠ and there I buried Leah. 32 The field and the cave in it were acquired from the sons of Heth.” 33 When Jacob finished giving these instructions to his sons, he pulled his feet up onto the bed, breathed his last breath, and went to his people.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 49:8 and Jubilees 31:18

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions

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Summary

In Genesis, Jacob’s deathbed blessing gives Judah the scepter and the right to rule the nations. Jubilees moves that royal blessing earlier to Isaac, promising Judah dominion over the nations while ranking him below Levi.

Passages

Genesis 49:8

Hebrew Bible
8 Judah, your brothers will praise you. Your hand will be on the neck of your enemies, your father’s sons will bow down before you. 9 You are a lion’s cub, Judah, from the prey, my son, you have gone up. He crouches and lies down like a lion; like a lioness—who will rouse him? 10 The scepter will not depart from Judah, nor the ruler’s staff from between his feet, until he comes to whom it belongs; the nations will obey him.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Jubilees 31:18

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
17 And let all who hate you fall down before you, And let all your adversaries be rooted out and perish; And blessed be he that blesses you, And cursed be every nation that curses you.' 18 And to Judah he said: 'May the Lord give you strength and power To trample all that hate you; You shall be a prince, you and one of your sons, over the sons of Jacob; May your name and the name of your sons spread throughout every land and region. Then the nations shall fear you, And all the nations shall tremble [And all the peoples shall tremble]. 19 In you shall be the help of Jacob, And in you be found the salvation of Israel.
170–125 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jubilees

References

... Be a prince [makwannen/princeps]—you and one of your sons—for Jacob’s sons. The command (Ethiopic) or prediction (Latin) that Judah will be a royal ruler over Israel echoes several phrases in Jacob’s blessing of him in Genesis 49:8, 10: “your father’s sons shall bow down before you” (verse 8); “The scepter shall not depart from Judah, / nor the ruler’s staff from between his feet” (verse 10; see Testament of Levi 17:6; 21:6). The Genesis passage (49:10) receives a commentary in 4Q252 (4QCommentary on Genesis A) ...
James C. VanderKam, Jubilees 2: A Commentary on the Book of Jubilees Chapters 22-50 (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2018), 859.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 49:8 and Jubilees 31:18

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