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Genesis

About this book

Jacob's Farewell to His Sons

Chapter 49

1 Jacob called for his sons and said, “Gather together so I can tell you what will happen to you in future days.⁠ 2 “Assemble and listen, you sons of Jacob; listen to Israel, your father. 3 Reuben, you are my firstborn, my might and the beginning of my strength, outstanding in dignity, outstanding in power. 4 You are destructive like water and will not excel, for you got on your father’s bed, then you defiled it—he got on my couch!⁠ 5 Simeon and Levi are brothers, weapons of violence are their knives!⁠ 6 O my soul, do not come into their council, do not be united to their assembly, my heart, for in their anger they have killed men, and for pleasure they have hamstrung oxen.⁠ 7 Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce,⁠ and their fury, for it was cruel. I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel! 8 Judah, your brothers will praise you. Your hand will be on the neck of your enemies,⁠ your father’s sons will bow down before you.⁠ 9 You are a lion’s cub, Judah, from the prey, my son, you have gone up. He crouches and lies down like a lion; like a lioness—who will rouse him?⁠ 10 The scepter will not depart from Judah,⁠ nor the ruler’s staff from between his feet,⁠ until he comes to whom it belongs; the nations will obey him.⁠ 11 Binding his foal to the vine, and his colt to the choicest vine,⁠ he will wash his garments in wine, his robes in the blood of grapes.⁠ 12 His eyes will be red from wine, and his teeth white from milk. 13 Zebulun will live by the haven of the sea and become a haven for ships; his border will extend to Sidon. 14 Issachar is a strong-boned donkey lying down between two saddlebags. 15 When he sees a good resting place, and the pleasant land, he will bend his shoulder to the burden and become a slave laborer. 16 Dan will judge his people as one of the tribes of Israel. 17 May Dan be a snake beside the road, a viper by the path, that bites the heels of the horse so that its rider falls backward. 18 I wait for your deliverance, O Lord. 19 Gad will be raided by marauding bands, but he will attack them at their heels. 20 Asher’s food will be rich, and he will provide delicacies to royalty. 21 Naphtali is a free running doe, he speaks delightful words. 22 Joseph is a fruitful bough, a fruitful bough near a spring whose branches climb over the wall. 23 The archers will attack him, they will shoot at him and oppose him. 24 But his bow will remain steady, and his hands will be skillful; because of the hands of the Powerful One of Jacob,⁠ because of the Shepherd, the Rock of Israel,⁠ 25 because of the God of your father, who will help you, because of the Sovereign God, who will bless you⁠ with blessings from the sky above, blessings from the deep that lies below,⁠ and blessings of the breasts and womb.⁠ 26 The blessings of your father are greater than the blessings of the eternal mountains or the desirable things of the age-old hills. They will be on the head of Joseph and on the brow of the prince of his brothers.⁠ 27 Benjamin is a ravenous wolf; in the morning devouring the prey, and in the evening dividing the plunder.” 28 These are the twelve tribes of Israel. This is what their father said to them when he blessed them. He gave each of them an appropriate blessing.

Jacob's Burial Instructions and Death

29 Then he instructed them, “I am about to go to my people. Bury me with my fathers in the cave in the field of Ephron the Hittite. 30 It is the cave in the field of Machpelah, near Mamre in the land of Canaan, which Abraham bought for a burial plot from Ephron the Hittite. 31 There they buried Abraham and his wife Sarah; there they buried Isaac and his wife Rebekah;⁠ and there I buried Leah. 32 The field and the cave in it were acquired from the sons of Heth.” 33 When Jacob finished giving these instructions to his sons, he pulled his feet up onto the bed, breathed his last breath, and went to his people.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 49:10 and Onkelos Genesis 49:10

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Genesis says that leadership will remain with Judah, which is contradicted by the fall of the Davidic monarchy. The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos resolves this by adding “forever,” to say that it will one day return through the Messiah.

Passages

Genesis 49:10

Hebrew Bible
9 You are a lion’s cub, Judah, from the prey, my son, you have gone up. He crouches and lies down like a lion; like a lioness—who will rouse him? 10 The scepter will not depart from Judah, nor the ruler’s staff from between his feet, until he comes to whom it belongs; the nations will obey him. 11 Binding his foal to the vine, and his colt to the choicest vine, he will wash his garments in wine, his robes in the blood of grapes.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Onkelos Genesis 49:10

Targum
9 The dominion shall be yours in the beginning, and in the end the kingdom shall be increased from the house of Judah, because from the judgment of death, my son, you have withdrawn. He shall rest and remain in strength as a lion, and as a lioness, there shall be no king that may cut him off. 10 He who rules shall not pass away from the house of Judah, nor the saphra from his children's children forever, until the Meshiha comes, to whom the kingdom belongs and whom the nations shall obey. 11 He shall lead Israel around His city; the people shall build his temple, they will be righteous around him, and obey the law through his teaching. His clothes will be of fine purple, and his outer garment of crimson wool with colors.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Genesis

References

"... But, of course, the scepter did depart from Judah. Centuries later, the Jewish homeland was conquered by the Babylonians in 587 B.C.E. The king, scion of the Davidic dynasty, was led away in chains, and never again did a descendant of David sit on the royal throne. Instead, the people of Israel went on to suffer a long period of outside domination by one foreign ruler after the next. As time went on, people yearned more and more for the restoration of the Davidic kingship and the military and political power that went with it ... The word 'forever' here [in Targum Onkelos] does not correspond to any word in the Hebrew original of this verse. Instead, it represents a conscious attempt by this translator to make sense of an ancient prophecy. Jacob could not have meant that kingship simply would not depart from Judah, not even once, since that had not turned out to be true. The real meaning must therefore have been that it would not depart forever, that sometime it would be restored ..."
James L. Kugel, The Bible as It Was (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 276.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 49:10 and Onkelos Genesis 49:10

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