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Genesis

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Judah and Tamar

Chapter 38

1 At that time Judah left his brothers and stayed with an Adullamite man named Hirah. 2 There Judah saw the daughter of a Canaanite man named Shua. Judah acquired her as a wife and slept with her. 3 She became pregnant and had a son. Judah named him Er. 4 She became pregnant again and had another son, whom she named Onan. 5 Then she had yet another son, whom she named Shelah. She gave birth to him in Kezib. 6 Judah acquired a wife for Er his firstborn; her name was Tamar.⁠ 7 But Er, Judah’s firstborn, was evil in the Lord’s sight, so the Lord killed him. 8 Then Judah said to Onan, “Sleep with your brother’s wife and fulfill the duty of a brother-in-law to her so that you may raise up a descendant for your brother.” 9 But Onan knew that the child would not be considered his. So whenever he slept with his brother’s wife, he wasted his emission on the ground so as not to give his brother a descendant. 10 What he did was evil in the Lord’s sight, so the Lord killed him too. 11 Then Judah said to his daughter-in-law Tamar, “Live as a widow in your father’s house until Shelah my son grows up.” For he thought, “I don’t want him to die like his brothers.” So Tamar went and lived in her father’s house. 12 After some time Judah’s wife, the daughter of Shua, died. After Judah was consoled, he left for Timnah to visit his sheepshearers,⁠ along with his friend Hirah the Adullamite. 13 Tamar was told, “Look, your father-in-law is going up to Timnah to shear his sheep.” 14 So she removed her widow’s clothes and covered herself with a veil. She wrapped herself and sat at the entrance to Enaim which is on the way to Timnah. (She did this because she saw that she had not been given to Shelah as a wife, even though he had now grown up.) 15 When Judah saw her, he thought she was a prostitute because she had covered her face. 16 He turned aside to her along the road and said, “Come, please, I want to sleep with you.” (He did not realize it was his daughter-in-law.) She asked, “What will you give me so that you may sleep with me?” 17 He replied, “I’ll send you a young goat from the flock.” She asked, “Will you give me a pledge until you send it?”⁠ 18 He said, “What pledge should I give you?” She replied, “Your seal, your cord, and the staff that’s in your hand.” So he gave them to her, then slept with her, and she became pregnant by him. 19 She left immediately, removed her veil, and put on her widow’s clothes. 20 Then Judah had his friend Hirah the Adullamite take a young goat to get back from the woman the items he had given in pledge, but Hirah could not find her. 21 He asked the men who were there, “Where is the cult prostitute who was at Enaim by the road?” But they replied, “There has been no cult prostitute here.” 22 So he returned to Judah and said, “I couldn’t find her. Moreover, the men of the place said, ‘There has been no cult prostitute here.’” 23 Judah said, “Let her keep the things for herself. Otherwise we will appear to be dishonest. I did indeed send this young goat, but you couldn’t find her.” 24 After three months Judah was told, “Your daughter-in-law Tamar has turned to prostitution, and as a result she has become pregnant.” Judah said, “Bring her out and let her be burned!”⁠ 25 While they were bringing her out, she sent word to her father-in-law: “I am pregnant by the man to whom these belong.” Then she said, “Recognize* the one to whom the seal, cord, and staff belong.”⁠ 26 Judah recognized them and said, “She is more upright than I am, because I wouldn’t give her to Shelah my son.” He was not physically intimate with her again. 27 When it was time for her to give birth, there were twins in her womb.⁠ 28 While she was giving birth, one child put out his hand, and the midwife took a scarlet thread and tied it on his hand, saying, “This one came out first.” 29 But then he drew back his hand, and his brother came out before him. She said, “How you have broken out of the womb!” So he was named Perez.⁠ 30 Afterward his brother came out—the one who had the scarlet thread on his hand—and he was named Zerah.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 38:6 and Jubilees 41:2

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions

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Summary

Jubilees retells the story of Judah and Tamar by saying her earlier marriages were never consummated, which makes her free to marry Judah. Yet its later summary treats Judah as guilty and in need of forgiveness, so the update does not remove his fault.

Passages

Genesis 38:6

Hebrew Bible
2 There Judah saw the daughter of a Canaanite man named Shua. Judah acquired her as a wife and slept with her. 3 She became pregnant and had a son. Judah named him Er. 4 She became pregnant again and had another son, whom she named Onan. 5 Then she had yet another son, whom she named Shelah. She gave birth to him in Kezib. 6 Judah acquired a wife for Er his firstborn; her name was Tamar. 7 But Er, Judah’s firstborn, was evil in the Lord’s sight, so the Lord killed him. 8 Then Judah said to Onan, “Sleep with your brother’s wife and fulfill the duty of a brother-in-law to her so that you may raise up a descendant for your brother.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Jubilees 41:2

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
1 And in the forty-fifth jubilee, in the second week, (and) in the second year, [2165] Judah took for his firstborn Er, a wife from the daughters of Aram, named Tamar. 2 But he hated her, and did not lie with her, because his mother was of the daughters of Canaan, and he wished to marry a woman from among the relatives of his mother, but Judah, his father, would not permit him. 3 And this Er, the firstborn of Judah, was wicked, and the Lord killed him. 4 And Judah said to Onan, his brother 'Go in to your brother's wife and perform the duty of a husband's brother to her, and produce offspring for your brother.' 5 And Onan knew that the offspring would not be his, (but) his brother's only, and he went into the house of his brother's wife, and spilled his semen on the ground, and he was wicked in the eyes of the Lord, and He killed him.
170–125 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jubilees

References

"... Genesis 38 recounts how Judah ended up sleeping with his daughter-in-law, Tamar. When Jubilees retells this story, it provides both Judah and Tamar with a legal exculpation that the biblical story did not mention. It asserts that Tamar’s earlier marriages to Er and Onan had never been consummated (see Jubilees 41:2-5, 27-28). As a result, she was still a virgin when the incident with Judah occurred—and thus legally available to be married to him. Their union was therefore altogether licit and neither of them was liable for punishment (as indeed they were not punished in the biblical narrative). Yet in the middle of the Jubilees narrative comes a passage summarizing the legal lesson to be learned from it (41:23-26). This passage—characterized by the typical “terminology of the Heavenly Tablets”—mentions nothing about Tamar still being a virgin nor, consequently, anything about the innocence of the two participants. Instead, as far as the author of this passage was concerned, Judah was fully deserving of punishment and only “had forgiveness because he turned away from his sin” (41:25) after pleading and lamenting (41:24) before God. (It says nothing about the guilt or innocence of Tamar.) But if, according to the surrounding narrative, Judah did nothing wrong, why should he have had to plead and lament? ..."
James L. Kugel, A Walk through Jubilees: Studies in the Book of Jubilees and the World of Its Creation (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 228.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 38:6 and Jubilees 41:2

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