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Genesis

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Judah and Tamar

Chapter 38

1 At that time Judah left his brothers and stayed with an Adullamite man named Hirah. 2 There Judah saw the daughter of a Canaanite man named Shua. Judah acquired her as a wife and slept with her. 3 She became pregnant and had a son. Judah named him Er. 4 She became pregnant again and had another son, whom she named Onan. 5 Then she had yet another son, whom she named Shelah. She gave birth to him in Kezib. 6 Judah acquired a wife for Er his firstborn; her name was Tamar.⁠ 7 But Er, Judah’s firstborn, was evil in the Lord’s sight, so the Lord killed him. 8 Then Judah said to Onan, “Sleep with your brother’s wife and fulfill the duty of a brother-in-law to her so that you may raise up a descendant for your brother.” 9 But Onan knew that the child would not be considered his. So whenever he slept with his brother’s wife, he wasted his emission on the ground so as not to give his brother a descendant. 10 What he did was evil in the Lord’s sight, so the Lord killed him too. 11 Then Judah said to his daughter-in-law Tamar, “Live as a widow in your father’s house until Shelah my son grows up.” For he thought, “I don’t want him to die like his brothers.” So Tamar went and lived in her father’s house. 12 After some time Judah’s wife, the daughter of Shua, died. After Judah was consoled, he left for Timnah to visit his sheepshearers,⁠ along with his friend Hirah the Adullamite. 13 Tamar was told, “Look, your father-in-law is going up to Timnah to shear his sheep.” 14 So she removed her widow’s clothes and covered herself with a veil. She wrapped herself and sat at the entrance to Enaim which is on the way to Timnah. (She did this because she saw that she had not been given to Shelah as a wife, even though he had now grown up.) 15 When Judah saw her, he thought she was a prostitute because she had covered her face. 16 He turned aside to her along the road and said, “Come, please, I want to sleep with you.” (He did not realize it was his daughter-in-law.) She asked, “What will you give me so that you may sleep with me?” 17 He replied, “I’ll send you a young goat from the flock.” She asked, “Will you give me a pledge until you send it?”⁠ 18 He said, “What pledge should I give you?” She replied, “Your seal, your cord, and the staff that’s in your hand.” So he gave them to her, then slept with her, and she became pregnant by him. 19 She left immediately, removed her veil, and put on her widow’s clothes. 20 Then Judah had his friend Hirah the Adullamite take a young goat to get back from the woman the items he had given in pledge, but Hirah could not find her. 21 He asked the men who were there, “Where is the cult prostitute who was at Enaim by the road?” But they replied, “There has been no cult prostitute here.” 22 So he returned to Judah and said, “I couldn’t find her. Moreover, the men of the place said, ‘There has been no cult prostitute here.’” 23 Judah said, “Let her keep the things for herself. Otherwise we will appear to be dishonest. I did indeed send this young goat, but you couldn’t find her.” 24 After three months Judah was told, “Your daughter-in-law Tamar has turned to prostitution, and as a result she has become pregnant.” Judah said, “Bring her out and let her be burned!”⁠ 25 While they were bringing her out, she sent word to her father-in-law: “I am pregnant by the man to whom these belong.” Then she said, “Recognize* the one to whom the seal, cord, and staff belong.”⁠ 26 Judah recognized them and said, “She is more upright than I am, because I wouldn’t give her to Shelah my son.” He was not physically intimate with her again. 27 When it was time for her to give birth, there were twins in her womb.⁠ 28 While she was giving birth, one child put out his hand, and the midwife took a scarlet thread and tied it on his hand, saying, “This one came out first.” 29 But then he drew back his hand, and his brother came out before him. She said, “How you have broken out of the womb!” So he was named Perez.⁠ 30 Afterward his brother came out—the one who had the scarlet thread on his hand—and he was named Zerah.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 38:29 and Ruth 4:12

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Ruth ends with a genealogy that alludes to the story of Perez in Genesis, where his birth disrupted the order of inheritance. This connects Ruth with Tamar, since both women continued their family lines through unconventional means.

Passages

Genesis 38:29

Hebrew Bible
27 When it was time for her to give birth, there were twins in her womb. 28 While she was giving birth, one child put out his hand, and the midwife took a scarlet thread and tied it on his hand, saying, “This one came out first.” 29 But then he drew back his hand, and his brother came out before him. She said, “How you have broken out of the womb!” So he was named Perez. 30 Afterward his brother came out—the one who had the scarlet thread on his hand—and he was named Zerah.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Ruth 4:12

Hebrew Bible
10 I have also acquired Ruth the Moabite, the wife of Mahlon, as my wife to raise up a descendant who will inherit his property so the name of the deceased might not disappear from among his relatives and from his village. You are witnesses today.” 11 All the people who were at the gate and the elders replied, “We are witnesses. May the Lord make the woman who is entering your home like Rachel and Leah, both of whom built up the house of Israel! May you prosper in Ephrathah and become famous in Bethlehem. 12 May your family become like the family of Perez—whom Tamar bore to Judah—through the descendants the Lord gives you by this young woman.” 13 So Boaz married Ruth and slept with her. The Lord enabled her to conceive and she gave birth to a son. 14 The village women said to Naomi, “May the Lord be praised because he has not left you without a guardian today! May he become famous in Israel!
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ruth

References

"... Ruth’s story concludes with the birth of her son, Obed. This sign of fertility and continuity resolves the problem of famine and death that set Ruth and Naomi’s narrative in motion. The genealogy, then, situates Obed’s climactic birth in the larger biblical narrative, connecting him both to those who came before (back to Perez) and those who would come after (King David). While Ruth does not explicitly appear in the genealogy, the placement of the genealogy at the end of her story creates a close association between Ruth and the genealogy. This is an “intratextual” relationship between the narrative and genealogical portions of the book. The genealogy is Ruth’s genealogy, whether she is named in it or not, because of its placement in her book and its role as an epilogue to her narrative. By including Ruth in his genealogy, the author of Matthew was simply making explicit what was already implicit in the book of Ruth—Ruth’s presence in the genealogy. In addition, there is a close connection between Ruth and Tamar who, as we have already seen, is already a part of the genealogical tradition. Elle van Wolde has traced the many connections between the stories of Ruth and Tamar, including key words, plot, the role of the narrator, and the roles of the characters. Van Wolde does not use Genettes’ terminology, but she describes what Genette calls a heterodiegetic transformation. That is, basic structures of the story remain the same, while the setting and certain features of the characters change. Also, van Wolde’s identification of several humorous sexual double entendres in Ruth suggest that the tone of Ruth’s hypertextuality in relationship to Genesis 38 is not wholly serious, and contains an element of parody ..."
Gil Rosenberg, “Hypertextuality,” in Exploring Intertextuality: Diverse Strategies for New Testament Interpretation of Texts, ed. B. J. Oropeza and Steve Moyise (Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2016), 40–55.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 38:29 and Ruth 4:12

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