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Genesis

About this book

Judah and Tamar

Chapter 38

1 At that time Judah left his brothers and stayed with an Adullamite man named Hirah. 2 There Judah saw the daughter of a Canaanite man named Shua. Judah acquired her as a wife and slept with her. 3 She became pregnant and had a son. Judah named him Er. 4 She became pregnant again and had another son, whom she named Onan. 5 Then she had yet another son, whom she named Shelah. She gave birth to him in Kezib. 6 Judah acquired a wife for Er his firstborn; her name was Tamar.⁠ 7 But Er, Judah’s firstborn, was evil in the Lord’s sight, so the Lord killed him. 8 Then Judah said to Onan, “Sleep with your brother’s wife and fulfill the duty of a brother-in-law to her so that you may raise up a descendant for your brother.” 9 But Onan knew that the child would not be considered his. So whenever he slept with his brother’s wife, he wasted his emission on the ground so as not to give his brother a descendant. 10 What he did was evil in the Lord’s sight, so the Lord killed him too. 11 Then Judah said to his daughter-in-law Tamar, “Live as a widow in your father’s house until Shelah my son grows up.” For he thought, “I don’t want him to die like his brothers.” So Tamar went and lived in her father’s house. 12 After some time Judah’s wife, the daughter of Shua, died. After Judah was consoled, he left for Timnah to visit his sheepshearers,⁠ along with his friend Hirah the Adullamite. 13 Tamar was told, “Look, your father-in-law is going up to Timnah to shear his sheep.” 14 So she removed her widow’s clothes and covered herself with a veil. She wrapped herself and sat at the entrance to Enaim which is on the way to Timnah. (She did this because she saw that she had not been given to Shelah as a wife, even though he had now grown up.) 15 When Judah saw her, he thought she was a prostitute because she had covered her face. 16 He turned aside to her along the road and said, “Come, please, I want to sleep with you.” (He did not realize it was his daughter-in-law.) She asked, “What will you give me so that you may sleep with me?” 17 He replied, “I’ll send you a young goat from the flock.” She asked, “Will you give me a pledge until you send it?”⁠ 18 He said, “What pledge should I give you?” She replied, “Your seal, your cord, and the staff that’s in your hand.” So he gave them to her, then slept with her, and she became pregnant by him. 19 She left immediately, removed her veil, and put on her widow’s clothes. 20 Then Judah had his friend Hirah the Adullamite take a young goat to get back from the woman the items he had given in pledge, but Hirah could not find her. 21 He asked the men who were there, “Where is the cult prostitute who was at Enaim by the road?” But they replied, “There has been no cult prostitute here.” 22 So he returned to Judah and said, “I couldn’t find her. Moreover, the men of the place said, ‘There has been no cult prostitute here.’” 23 Judah said, “Let her keep the things for herself. Otherwise we will appear to be dishonest. I did indeed send this young goat, but you couldn’t find her.” 24 After three months Judah was told, “Your daughter-in-law Tamar has turned to prostitution, and as a result she has become pregnant.” Judah said, “Bring her out and let her be burned!”⁠ 25 While they were bringing her out, she sent word to her father-in-law: “I am pregnant by the man to whom these belong.” Then she said, “Recognize* the one to whom the seal, cord, and staff belong.”⁠ 26 Judah recognized them and said, “She is more upright than I am, because I wouldn’t give her to Shelah my son.” He was not physically intimate with her again. 27 When it was time for her to give birth, there were twins in her womb.⁠ 28 While she was giving birth, one child put out his hand, and the midwife took a scarlet thread and tied it on his hand, saying, “This one came out first.” 29 But then he drew back his hand, and his brother came out before him. She said, “How you have broken out of the womb!” So he was named Perez.⁠ 30 Afterward his brother came out—the one who had the scarlet thread on his hand—and he was named Zerah.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 38:17 and Genesis 44:32

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In Genesis 38, Judah gives Tamar a pledge to guarantee payment. In Genesis 44, he uses the same language of promise, pledging himself to his father as the guarantee for Benjamin’s safe return.

Passages

Genesis 38:17

Hebrew Bible
16 He turned aside to her along the road and said, “Come, please, I want to sleep with you.” (He did not realize it was his daughter-in-law.) She asked, “What will you give me so that you may sleep with me?” 17 He replied, “I’ll send you a young goat from the flock.” She asked, “Will you give me a pledge until you send it?” 18 He said, “What pledge should I give you?” She replied, “Your seal, your cord, and the staff that’s in your hand.” So he gave them to her, then slept with her, and she became pregnant by him.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Genesis 44:32

Hebrew Bible
31 When he sees the boy is not with us, he will die, and your servants will bring down the gray hair of your servant our father in sorrow to the grave. 32 Indeed, your servant pledged security for the boy with my father, saying, ‘If I do not bring him back to you, then I will bear the blame before my father all my life.’ 33 “So now, please let your servant remain as my lord’s slave instead of the boy. As for the boy, let him go back with his brothers.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

References

... The penalty for this alleged wrongdoing required Benjamin become Joseph's slave (verses 1-13). The brothers returned to Joseph's house, where Judah (whose preeminent role is anticipated by the statement Judah and his brothers, verse 14) stepped forward to intercede for the life of his brother (verse 18). After summarizing the entire situation (from 42:13), Judah drew his plea to a conclusion in 44:32 by telling Joseph that he had become surety for Benjamin—again employing (as in 43:9) the verbal form (i.e., 'arab) of the same root used in a noun in 38:17-18 to denote Judah's “surety” or “pledge” (’erabon). In chapter 38 the “surety” consisted of certain possessions (Judah's seal, cord, and staff), but in chapter 44 it consisted of the person of Judah himself. ...
John D. Hannah, The Moody Bible Commentary, ed. Michael Rydelnik and Michael Vanlaningham (Chicago: Moody, 2014), Gen 44:1–34.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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  • I am confused with Genesis 38:1 and Genesis 44:14. The first states Judah departed from his brothers and went to Canaan and made a life for himself. In Genesis 44, Judah is back with his brothers being security for his younger brother Benjamin. When did he forsake his previous lifestyle and retur ...

    Tawanie McLane, July 9, 2026

Genesis 38:17 and Genesis 44:32

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