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Genesis

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Joseph and His Brothers

Chapter 37

1 But Jacob lived in the land where his father had stayed, in the land of Canaan. 2 This is the account of Jacob. Joseph, his seventeen-year-old son, was taking care of the flocks with his brothers. Now he was a youngster working with the sons of Bilhah and Zilpah,⁠ his father’s wives. Joseph brought back a bad report about them to their father. 3 Now Israel loved Joseph more than all his sons because he was a son born to him late in life,⁠ and he made a special tunic for him.⁠ 4 When Joseph’s brothers saw that their father loved him more than any of them, they hated Joseph and were not able to speak to him kindly. 5 Joseph had a dream, and when he told his brothers about it they hated him even more. 6 He said to them, “Listen to this dream I had: 7 There we were, binding sheaves of grain in the middle of the field. Suddenly my sheaf rose up and stood upright and your sheaves surrounded my sheaf and bowed down to it!” 8 Then his brothers asked him, “Do you really think you will rule over us or have dominion over us?” They hated him even more because of his dream and because of what he said. 9 Then he had another dream, and told it to his brothers. “Look,” he said. “I had another dream. The sun, the moon, and eleven stars were bowing down to me.” 10 When he told his father and his brothers, his father rebuked him, saying, “What is this dream that you had? Will I, your mother, and your brothers really come and bow down to you?” 11 His brothers were jealous of him, but his father kept in mind what Joseph said.

Joseph Is Sold into Egypt

12 When his brothers had gone to graze their father’s flocks near Shechem, 13 Israel said to Joseph, “Your brothers are grazing the flocks near Shechem. Come, I will send you to them.” “I’m ready,” Joseph replied. 14 So Jacob said to him, “Go now and check on the welfare of your brothers and of the flocks, and bring me word.” So Jacob sent him from the valley of Hebron. 15 When Joseph reached Shechem, a man found him wandering in the field, so the man asked him, “What are you looking for?” 16 He replied, “I’m looking for my brothers. Please tell me where they are grazing their flocks.” 17 The man said, “They left this area, for I heard them say, ‘Let’s go to Dothan.’” So Joseph went after his brothers and found them at Dothan. 18 Now Joseph’s brothers saw him from a distance, and before he reached them, they plotted to kill him. 19 They said to one another, “Here comes this master of dreams! 20 Come now, let’s kill him, throw him into one of the cisterns, and then say that a wild animal ate him. Then we’ll see how his dreams turn out!” 21 When Reuben heard this, he rescued Joseph from their hands, saying, “Let’s not take his life!” 22 Reuben continued, “Don’t shed blood! Throw him into this cistern that is here in the wilderness, but don’t lay a hand on him.” (Reuben said this so he could rescue Joseph from them and take him back to his father.) 23 When Joseph reached his brothers, they stripped him of his tunic, the special tunic that he wore.⁠ 24 Then they took him and threw him into the cistern. (Now the cistern was empty; there was no water in it.)⁠ 25 When they sat down to eat their food, they looked up and saw a caravan of Ishmaelites coming from Gilead. Their camels were carrying spices, balm, and myrrh down to Egypt.⁠ 26 Then Judah said to his brothers, “What profit is there if we kill our brother and cover up his blood? 27 Come, let’s sell him to the Ishmaelites, but let’s not lay a hand on him, for after all, he is our brother, our own flesh.” His brothers agreed. 28 So when the Midianite merchants passed by, Joseph’s brothers pulled him out of the cistern and sold him to the Ishmaelites for 20 pieces of silver.⁠ The Ishmaelites then took Joseph to Egypt. 29 Later Reuben returned to the cistern to find that Joseph was not in it! He tore his clothes, 30 returned to his brothers, and said, “The boy isn’t there! And I, where can I go?” 31 So they took Joseph’s tunic, killed a young goat, and dipped the tunic in the blood.⁠ 32 Then they brought the special tunic to their father and said, “We found this. Recognize* now whether it is your son’s tunic or not.”⁠ 33 He recognized it and exclaimed, “It is my son’s tunic!⁠ A wild animal has eaten him! Joseph has surely been torn to pieces!” 34 Then Jacob tore his clothes, put on sackcloth, and mourned for his son many days. 35 All his sons and daughters stood by him to console him, but he refused to be consoled. “No,” he said, “I will go to the grave mourning my son.” So Joseph’s father wept for him. 36 Now in Egypt the Midianites sold Joseph to Potiphar, one of Pharaoh’s officials, the captain of the guard.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 37:3 and Onkelos Genesis 37:3

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Genesis 37 explains Jacob’s love for Joseph by calling him a “son of old age,” though Benjamin was younger. The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos reads this as wisdom, not age, saying Joseph was favored for his intelligence rather than birth order.

Passages

Genesis 37:3

Hebrew Bible
1 But Jacob lived in the land where his father had stayed, in the land of Canaan. 2 This is the account of Jacob. Joseph, his seventeen-year-old son, was taking care of the flocks with his brothers. Now he was a youngster working with the sons of Bilhah and Zilpah, his father’s wives. Joseph brought back a bad report about them to their father. 3 Now Israel loved Joseph more than all his sons because he was a son born to him late in life, and he made a special tunic for him. 4 When Joseph’s brothers saw that their father loved him more than any of them, they hated Joseph and were not able to speak to him kindly.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Onkelos Genesis 37:3

Targum
1 And Jacob lived in the land of the residence of his father, in the land of Canaan. 2 These are the history of Jacob. Joseph was seventeen years old; he kept the flock with his brothers; and he had been brought up with the sons of Bilhah, and with the sons of Zilpah, the wives of his father; and Joseph brought a bad report about them to his father. 3 But Israel loved Joseph more than all his sons, because he had a wise son in him, and he made him a multicolored robe. 4 And his brothers saw that their father loved him better than all his brothers, and they hated him, and were not willing to speak with him peacefully.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Genesis

References

"... Why should Jacob have favored Joseph over all his other sons? The Bible explains that Joseph was the 'son of his [Jacob's] old age' (Genesis 37:3), but this hardly seemed like an adequate reason to ancient interpreters. After all, Benjamin, Joseph's younger brother, was even more of a 'son of old age' to Jacob. Since he, no less than Joseph, was a son of Jacob's beloved wife Rachel, there really was no reason for Jacob to favor Joseph over Benjamin. If anything, Benjamin should have been loved more than any of the other brothers. Considering the situation, interpreters concluded that the Bible must have meant something else by the phrase 'son of his old age.' If Joseph was not younger than all the brothers, perhaps he surpassed them in some other way. Now, in the Bible 'old age' is frequently associated with wisdom: 'old man' is practically a synonym in biblical Hebrew for 'sage' or 'wise man' (see, for example, Ezekiel 7:26, 26:9, Psalm 105:22, Lamentations 5:14, Job 32:9, Ruth 4:9). Perhaps, then, in saying that Joseph was a "son of his old age," the Bible really meant he was a "son of his wisdom" - that is, Joseph was an exceptionally intelligent child ..."
James L. Kugel, The Bible as It Was (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 248.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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  • The phrase "Son of my old age" is a parallel to the patriarch Isaac, son of Abraham's old age. Wisdom was spoken of in their story through allegory

    David, January 8, 2025

Genesis 37:3 and Onkelos Genesis 37:3

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