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Genesis

About this book

Jacob Returns to Bethel

Chapter 35

1 Then God said to Jacob, “Go up at once to Bethel and live there. Make an altar there to God, who appeared to you when you fled from your brother Esau.” 2 So Jacob told his household and all who were with him, “Get rid of the foreign gods you have among you.⁠ Purify yourselves and change your clothes. 3 Let us go up at once to Bethel. Then I will make an altar there to God, who responded to me in my time of distress and has been with me wherever I went.” 4 So they gave Jacob all the foreign gods that were in their possession and the rings that were in their ears. Jacob buried them under the oak near Shechem⁠ 5 and they started on their journey. The surrounding cities were afraid of God, and they did not pursue the sons of Jacob. 6 Jacob and all those who were with him arrived at Luz (that is, Bethel) in the land of Canaan. 7 He built an altar there and named the place El Bethel because there God had revealed himself to him when he was fleeing from his brother. 8 (Deborah, Rebekah’s nurse, died and was buried under the oak below Bethel; thus it was named Oak of Weeping.) 9 God appeared to Jacob again after he returned from Paddan Aram and blessed him. 10 God said to him, “Your name is Jacob, but your name will no longer be called Jacob; Israel will be your name.” So God named him Israel. 11 Then God said to him, “I am the Sovereign God. Be fruitful and multiply!⁠ A nation—even a company of nations—will descend from you; kings will be among your descendants! 12 The land I gave to Abraham and Isaac I will give to you. To your descendants I will also give this land.” 13 Then God went up from the place where he spoke with him. 14 So Jacob set up a sacred stone pillar in the place where God spoke with him. He poured out a drink offering on it, and then he poured oil on it. 15 Jacob named the place where God spoke with him Bethel.

Rachel's Death and Benjamin's Birth

16 They traveled on from Bethel, and when Ephrath was still some distance away, Rachel went into labor—and her labor was hard. 17 When her labor was at its hardest, the midwife said to her, “Don’t be afraid, for you are having another son.” 18 With her dying breath, she named him Ben Oni. But his father called him Benjamin instead.⁠ 19 So Rachel died and was buried on the way to Ephrath (that is, Bethlehem). 20 Jacob set up a marker over her grave; it is the Marker of Rachel’s Grave to this day. 21 Then Israel traveled on and pitched his tent beyond the Tower of the Flock.43⁠

Reuben and Jacob's Sons

22 While Israel was living in that land, Reuben went to bed with Bilhah, his father’s concubine,⁠ and Israel heard about it. Jacob had twelve sons:⁠ 23 The sons of Leah were Reuben, Jacob’s firstborn, as well as Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun. 24 The sons of Rachel were Joseph and Benjamin. 25 The sons of Bilhah, Rachel’s servant, were Dan and Naphtali. 26 The sons of Zilpah, Leah’s servant, were Gad and Asher. These were the sons of Jacob who were born to him in Paddan Aram.

Isaac's Death

27 So Jacob came back to his father Isaac in Mamre, to Kiriath Arba (that is, Hebron), where Abraham and Isaac had stayed. 28 Isaac lived to be 180 years old. 29 Then Isaac breathed his last and joined his ancestors. He died an old man who had lived a full life. His sons Esau and Jacob buried him.

Texts in conversation

Compare KTU 1.18 IV:36 and Genesis 35:18

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In Genesis 35, Rachel's death uses the same departing-breath image as Aqhat's murder, showing how death could be pictured as something leaving the body.

Passages

KTU 1.18 IV:36

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
Aqhat I will place you. Strike him twice on the head, three times above the ear. Pour out, like a slaughterer, his blood, as one slaughtering, onto his knees. Let go out, like a wind, his breath, like spittle, his spirit, like smoke from his nostrils. […] I will not let live.” She took Yatpan, the warrior of the Lady; she placed him like an eagle in her belt, like a hawk in her quiver. Aqhat, as he sat down to e[at], the son of Danel to dine, over him eagles soared, a flock of haw[ks] watched. [Among] the eagles Anat soared. Over [Aqhat] she placed him. He struck him twice [on the head], three times above the ear. He poured out, [like] a slaughterer, his blood, as one slaugh[tering, onto his knees]. Out went, like a wind, [his] breath, [like spittle] his spirit, like smoke from [his nostrils]. […]
1350–1185 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in KTU

Genesis 35:18

Hebrew Bible
13 Then God went up from the place where he spoke with him. 14 So Jacob set up a sacred stone pillar in the place where God spoke with him. He poured out a drink offering on it, and then he poured oil on it. 15 Jacob named the place where God spoke with him Bethel. 16 They traveled on from Bethel, and when Ephrath was still some distance away, Rachel went into labor—and her labor was hard. 17 When her labor was at its hardest, the midwife said to her, “Don’t be afraid, for you are having another son.” 18 With her dying breath, she named him Ben Oni. But his father called him Benjamin instead. 19 So Rachel died and was buried on the way to Ephrath (that is, Bethlehem). 20 Jacob set up a marker over her grave; it is the Marker of Rachel’s Grave to this day.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

References

“... in Gen 35:18 has both prebiblical and post- biblical parallels. In the Ugaritic account of the murder of Aqhat, we find the expression yṣat/tṣi . . . npšh (CAT/KTU 1.18 IV), and it is worth noting that the Ugaritic dictionaries seem completely at ease with the meaning “soul” for npš.16 They render tṣi km rḥ npšh ...” “... as “may his soul go out like a breath” and yṣat km rḥ npš[h] as “es entwich seine Seele wie ein Wind” quite unselfconsciously. The ...”
Richard C. Steiner, Disembodied Souls: The Nefesh in Israel and Kindred Spirits in the Ancient Near East, with an Appendix on the Katumuwa Inscription, ANEM 11 (Atlanta: SBL, 2015), 71–72.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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KTU 1.18 IV:36 and Genesis 35:18

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