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Genesis

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Jacob Encounters Angels

Chapter 32

1 So Jacob went on his way and the angels of God met him.⁠ 2 When Jacob saw them, he exclaimed, “This is the camp of God!” So he named that place Mahanaim.

Jacob Prepares to Meet Esau

3 Jacob sent messengers on ahead to his brother Esau in the land of Seir, the region of Edom.⁠ 4 He commanded them, “This is what you must say to my lord Esau: ‘This is what your servant Jacob says: I have been staying with Laban until now. 5 I have oxen, donkeys, sheep, and male and female servants. I have sent this message to inform my lord, so that I may find favor in your sight.’” 6 The messengers returned to Jacob and said, “We went to your brother Esau. He is coming to meet you and has 400 men with him.” 7 Jacob was very afraid and upset. So he divided the people who were with him into two camps, as well as the flocks, herds, and camels. 8 “If Esau attacks one camp,” he thought, “then the other camp will be able to escape.” 9 Then Jacob prayed, “O God of my father Abraham, God of my father Isaac, O Lord, you said to me, ‘Return to your land and to your relatives and I will make you prosper.’ 10 I am not worthy of all the faithful love you have shown your servant. With only my walking stick I crossed the Jordan, but now I have become two camps. 11 Rescue me, I pray, from the hand of my brother Esau, for I am afraid he will come and attack me, as well as the mothers with their children. 12 But you said, ‘I will certainly make you prosper and will make your descendants like the sand on the seashore, too numerous to count.’” 13 Jacob stayed there that night. Then he sent as a gift to his brother Esau 14 200 female goats and 20 male goats, 200 ewes and 20 rams, 15 30 female camels with their young, 40 cows and 10 bulls, and 20 female donkeys and 10 male donkeys. 16 He entrusted them to his servants, who divided them into herds. He told his servants, “Pass over before me, and keep some distance between one herd and the next.” 17 He instructed the servant leading the first herd, “When my brother Esau meets you and asks, ‘To whom do you belong? Where are you going? Whose herds are you driving?’ 18 then you must say, ‘They belong to your servant Jacob. They have been sent as a gift to my lord Esau. In fact Jacob himself is behind us.’” 19 He also gave these instructions to the second and third servants, as well as all those who were following the herds, saying, “You must say the same thing to Esau when you meet him. 20 You must also say, ‘In fact your servant Jacob is behind us.’” Jacob thought, “I will first appease him by sending a gift ahead of me. After that I will meet him. Perhaps he will accept me.” 21 So the gifts were sent on ahead of him while he spent that night in the camp.

Jacob Wrestles at the Jabbok

22 During the night Jacob quickly took his two wives, his two female servants, and his eleven sons and crossed the ford of the Jabbok. 23 He took them and sent them across the stream along with all his possessions. 24 So Jacob was left alone. Then a man wrestled with him until daybreak.⁠ 25 When the man saw that he could not defeat Jacob, he struck the socket of his hip⁠ so the socket of Jacob’s hip was dislocated while he wrestled with him. 26 Then the man said, “Let me go, for the dawn is breaking.” “I will not let you go,” Jacob replied, “unless you bless me.” 27 The man asked him, “What is your name?” He answered, “Jacob.” 28 “No longer will your name be Jacob,” the man told him, “but Israel,⁠ because you have fought with God and with men and have prevailed.”⁠ 29 Then Jacob asked, “Please tell me your name.” “Why do you ask my name?” the man replied. Then he blessed Jacob there. 30 So Jacob named the place Peniel, explaining, “Certainly I have seen God face to face and have survived.”⁠ 31 The sun rose over him as he crossed over Penuel, but he was limping because of his hip. 32 That is why to this day the Israelites do not eat the sinew which is attached to the socket of the hip, because he struck the socket of Jacob’s hip near the attached sinew.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 32:24 and Genesis Rabbah 77:3

Hebrew Bible · Rabbinic

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Summary

In Genesis, Jacob wrestles a man at the Jabbok until daybreak. Rabbinic tradition in Genesis Rabbah identifies the wrestler as Esau’s guardian angel, basing this on Jacob’s words to Esau that seeing his face was like seeing the face of God.

Passages

Genesis 32:24

Hebrew Bible
23 He took them and sent them across the stream along with all his possessions. 24 So Jacob was left alone. Then a man wrestled with him until daybreak. 25 When the man saw that he could not defeat Jacob, he struck the socket of his hip so the socket of Jacob’s hip was dislocated while he wrestled with him. 26 Then the man said, “Let me go, for the dawn is breaking.” “I will not let you go,” Jacob replied, “unless you bless me.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Genesis Rabbah 77:3

Rabbinic · Aggadah
Rabbi Ḥama ben Rabbi Ḥanina said: It was Esau’s guardian angel. That is what he said to him: “For therefore, I have seen your face, as the sight of the face of angels, and you welcomed me” (Genesis 33:10). “He saw that he could not prevail against him, and he touched the joint of his thigh; the joint of Jacob's thigh was dislocated as he wrestled with him” (Genesis 32:26). This is analogous to an athlete who was standing and wrestling with the king’s son. He lifted his eyes, saw the king standing over him, and cast himself down before him. That is what is written: “He saw that he could not prevail against him” – He saw in the Divine Presence that he could not prevail over him. Rabbi Berekhya said: We do not know who was victorious, whether it was the angel or Jacob, but from what is written in the verse: “A man wrestled [vaye’avek] with him” – that is, who became covered with dust [avak]; the man who was with him.
500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis Rabbah

References

... Guardian angels of a special kind are those who bear the image of the one they have been tasked with protecting. Midrash Psalm 55 § 3 (146B): Rabbi Joshua ben Levi (ca. 250) said, “What does ‘He redeems my soul in peace’ (Psalm 55:19) mean? The image (namely from the world of the angels) goes before a man, and the (heavenly) beings cry out and say (to the demons who invisibly surround the man), ‘Make way for the image of God!’ ”—Similarly in Deuteronomy Rabbah 4 (201D), where in the Venice edition of 1545, the unusual term for image is supplied. In Midrash Psalms 17 § 8, the plural is used: Images from the angels go before a man. … In any case, the reading of the text is ensured by the designation of men as the image of God. The following contrast is probably intended: The image of God calls out, “Make way for the image of God!” ‖ Genesis Rabbah 78 (50A): Rabbi Hama ben Hanina (ca. 260) said, “It was Esau’s prince of angels (with whom Jacob wrestled); Genesis 33:10, ‘Therefore I saw your face, like the face of the angel (according to the Midrash).’ Your face is like the face of the angel.” ...
Hermann L. Strack and Paul Billerbeck, A Commentary on the New Testament from the Talmud and Midrash, Volume 2: Mark through Acts (Bellingham, WA: Lexham, 2022), 960.

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Genesis 32:24 and Genesis Rabbah 77:3

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