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Genesis

About this book

Jacob Encounters Angels

Chapter 32

1 So Jacob went on his way and the angels of God met him.⁠ 2 When Jacob saw them, he exclaimed, “This is the camp of God!” So he named that place Mahanaim.

Jacob Prepares to Meet Esau

3 Jacob sent messengers on ahead to his brother Esau in the land of Seir, the region of Edom.⁠ 4 He commanded them, “This is what you must say to my lord Esau: ‘This is what your servant Jacob says: I have been staying with Laban until now. 5 I have oxen, donkeys, sheep, and male and female servants. I have sent this message to inform my lord, so that I may find favor in your sight.’” 6 The messengers returned to Jacob and said, “We went to your brother Esau. He is coming to meet you and has 400 men with him.” 7 Jacob was very afraid and upset. So he divided the people who were with him into two camps, as well as the flocks, herds, and camels. 8 “If Esau attacks one camp,” he thought, “then the other camp will be able to escape.” 9 Then Jacob prayed, “O God of my father Abraham, God of my father Isaac, O Lord, you said to me, ‘Return to your land and to your relatives and I will make you prosper.’ 10 I am not worthy of all the faithful love you have shown your servant. With only my walking stick I crossed the Jordan, but now I have become two camps. 11 Rescue me, I pray, from the hand of my brother Esau, for I am afraid he will come and attack me, as well as the mothers with their children. 12 But you said, ‘I will certainly make you prosper and will make your descendants like the sand on the seashore, too numerous to count.’” 13 Jacob stayed there that night. Then he sent as a gift to his brother Esau 14 200 female goats and 20 male goats, 200 ewes and 20 rams, 15 30 female camels with their young, 40 cows and 10 bulls, and 20 female donkeys and 10 male donkeys. 16 He entrusted them to his servants, who divided them into herds. He told his servants, “Pass over before me, and keep some distance between one herd and the next.” 17 He instructed the servant leading the first herd, “When my brother Esau meets you and asks, ‘To whom do you belong? Where are you going? Whose herds are you driving?’ 18 then you must say, ‘They belong to your servant Jacob. They have been sent as a gift to my lord Esau. In fact Jacob himself is behind us.’” 19 He also gave these instructions to the second and third servants, as well as all those who were following the herds, saying, “You must say the same thing to Esau when you meet him. 20 You must also say, ‘In fact your servant Jacob is behind us.’” Jacob thought, “I will first appease him by sending a gift ahead of me. After that I will meet him. Perhaps he will accept me.” 21 So the gifts were sent on ahead of him while he spent that night in the camp.

Jacob Wrestles at the Jabbok

22 During the night Jacob quickly took his two wives, his two female servants, and his eleven sons and crossed the ford of the Jabbok. 23 He took them and sent them across the stream along with all his possessions. 24 So Jacob was left alone. Then a man wrestled with him until daybreak.⁠ 25 When the man saw that he could not defeat Jacob, he struck the socket of his hip⁠ so the socket of Jacob’s hip was dislocated while he wrestled with him. 26 Then the man said, “Let me go, for the dawn is breaking.” “I will not let you go,” Jacob replied, “unless you bless me.” 27 The man asked him, “What is your name?” He answered, “Jacob.” 28 “No longer will your name be Jacob,” the man told him, “but Israel,⁠ because you have fought with God and with men and have prevailed.”⁠ 29 Then Jacob asked, “Please tell me your name.” “Why do you ask my name?” the man replied. Then he blessed Jacob there. 30 So Jacob named the place Peniel, explaining, “Certainly I have seen God face to face and have survived.”⁠ 31 The sun rose over him as he crossed over Penuel, but he was limping because of his hip. 32 That is why to this day the Israelites do not eat the sinew which is attached to the socket of the hip, because he struck the socket of Jacob’s hip near the attached sinew.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 32:24–28 and Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho 125.3–4

Hebrew Bible · Early Christian

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Summary

In Genesis, Jacob wrestles with a mysterious figure and prevails. In his Dialogue with Trypho, Justin interprets this victory as Jesus defeating Satan, even though he also identifies the man who wrestled with Jacob as Jesus.

Passages

Genesis 32:24–28

Hebrew Bible
24 So Jacob was left alone. Then a man wrestled with him until daybreak. 25 When the man saw that he could not defeat Jacob, he struck the socket of his hip so the socket of Jacob’s hip was dislocated while he wrestled with him. 26 Then the man said, “Let me go, for the dawn is breaking.” “I will not let you go,” Jacob replied, “unless you bless me.” 27 The man asked him, “What is your name?” He answered, “Jacob.” 28 “No longer will your name be Jacob,” the man told him, “but Israel, because you have fought with God and with men and have prevailed.” 29 Then Jacob asked, “Please tell me your name.” “Why do you ask my name?” the man replied. Then he blessed Jacob there. 30 So Jacob named the place Peniel, explaining, “Certainly I have seen God face to face and have survived.” 31 The sun rose over him as he crossed over Penuel, but he was limping because of his hip. 32 That is why to this day the Israelites do not eat the sinew which is attached to the socket of the hip, because he struck the socket of Jacob’s hip near the attached sinew.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho 125.3–4

Early Christian
3 Now the name Israel means this: a man who overcomes power. For Isra is ‘a man overcoming,’ and El is ‘power.’ And that Christ would do this when He became man was foretold by the mystery of the wrestling match Jacob had with the One who appeared to him, who appeared because He served the will of the Father, yet is God because He is the firstborn of all creatures. 4 For when He became man, as I said before, the devil came to Him, that is, the power that is called the serpent and Satan, tempting Him and striving to bring Him down by asking Him to worship him. But He destroyed and overthrew him, exposing him as wicked for asking to be worshiped as God contrary to the Scripture, since he had become an apostate from the will of God. For He answers him, ‘It is written, You shall worship the Lord your God, and serve Him only.’ And defeated and exposed, the devil withdrew for the time. 5 But since our Christ was going to be numbed, that is, in pain and the experience of suffering, when He was to be crucified, He announced this beforehand too by touching Jacob’s thigh and making it go numb. And Israel was His name from the beginning, the name He gave the blessed Jacob when He blessed him with His own name, proclaiming by this too that all who through Him take refuge in the Father are the blessed Israel. But you, having understood none of this and not preparing yourselves to understand it, expect to be saved no matter what, because you are children of Jacob by physical descent. But I have proved at length that in this too you deceive yourselves.
155–160 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho

References

“... The name Israel. . . means a man who overcomes power, for Is-ra is "a man who overcomes," and El is "power." That Christ would do this when he became man was thus foretold by the mystery of Jacob's wrestling with him who appeared to him ... For after he became man... Christ was approached by the Devil (that power which is also called Serpent and Satan), who tempted him and tried to overcome him by de­ manding that he worship him. But he was utterly crushed and overcome by Christ, who convicted him of his wickedness when... he asked to be adored as God, thus be­ coming an apostate from the will of God. This was his reply: "It is written: The Lord your God shall you worship and him only shall you serve." Defeated and rebuked, the Devil then departed. (Dial 125.3-4) There can hardly be any doubt that Justin is here drawing a second time on the same source he was using in the previous passage. That he is inserting material from this source at this point of the Dialogue is actually beyond doubt, because the idea of the quoted passage is utterly at odds with Justins own ideas in the context. According to Justin, the man fighting with Jacob was Christ— according to Justin's general principle that all the theophanies of the Bible were really appearances of the Son. But in the passage quoted here, the man is a type of the Devil, or perhaps identical with the Devil, and it is Jacob who plays the role of Christ. Justin's struggles to unite these entirely different interpretations of Gen 32 are written all over Dial. 125. I mention one final passage that very likely derives from the same source: ...”
Oskar Skarsaune, “Jewish Christian Sources Used by Justin Martyr and Some Other Greek and Latin Fathers,” in Jewish Believers in Jesus: The Early Centuries, ed. Oskar Skarsaune and Reidar Hvalvik (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2007), 400.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 32:24–28 and Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho 125.3–4

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