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Genesis

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Jacob Meets Rachel

Chapter 29

1 So Jacob moved on and came to the land of the eastern people. 2 He saw in the field a well with three flocks of sheep lying beside it, because the flocks were watered from that well. Now a large stone covered the mouth of the well. 3 When all the flocks were gathered there, the shepherds would roll the stone off the mouth of the well and water the sheep. Then they would put the stone back in its place over the well’s mouth. 4 Jacob asked them, “My brothers, where are you from?” They replied, “We’re from Haran.” 5 So he said to them, “Do you know Laban, the grandson of Nahor?” “We know him,” they said. 6 “Is he well?” Jacob asked. They replied, “He is well. Now look, here comes his daughter Rachel with the sheep.” 7 Then Jacob said, “Since it is still the middle of the day, it is not time for the flocks to be gathered. You should water the sheep and then go and let them graze some more.” 8 “We can’t,” they said, “until all the flocks are gathered and the stone is rolled off the mouth of the well. Then we water the sheep.” 9 While he was still speaking with them, Rachel arrived with her father’s sheep, for she was tending them. 10 When Jacob saw Rachel, the daughter of his uncle Laban, and the sheep of his uncle Laban, he went over and rolled the stone off the mouth of the well and watered the sheep of his uncle Laban.⁠ 11 Then Jacob kissed Rachel and began to weep loudly. 12 When Jacob explained to Rachel that he was a relative of her father and the son of Rebekah, she ran and told her father. 13 When Laban heard this news about Jacob, his sister’s son, he rushed out to meet him. He embraced him and kissed him and brought him to his house. Jacob told Laban how he was related to him. 14 Then Laban said to him, “You are indeed my own flesh and blood.” So Jacob stayed with him for a month.

Jacob Marries Leah and Rachel

15 Then Laban said to Jacob, “Should you work for me for nothing because you are my relative? Tell me what your wages should be.” 16 (Now Laban had two daughters; the older one was named Leah, and the younger one Rachel. 17 Leah’s eyes were tender,⁠ but Rachel had a lovely figure and beautiful appearance.) 18 Since Jacob had fallen in love with Rachel, he said, “I’ll serve you seven years in exchange for your younger daughter Rachel.”⁠ 19 Laban replied, “I’d rather give her to you than to another man. Stay with me.” 20 So Jacob worked for seven years to acquire Rachel. But they seemed like only a few days to him because his love for her was so great. 21 Finally Jacob said to Laban, “Give me my wife, for my time of service is up. And I want to sleep with her.” 22 So Laban invited all the people of that place and prepared a feast. 23 In the evening he brought his daughter Leah to Jacob, and he slept with her. 24 (Laban gave his female servant Zilpah to his daughter Leah to be her servant.) 25 In the morning Jacob discovered it was Leah! So Jacob said to Laban, “What in the world have you done to me? Didn’t I work for you in exchange for Rachel? Why have you tricked me?” 26 “It is not our custom here,” Laban replied, “to give the younger daughter in marriage before the firstborn.⁠ 27 Complete my older daughter’s bridal week. Then we will give you the younger one too, in exchange for seven more years of work.” 28 Jacob did as Laban said. When Jacob completed Leah’s bridal week, Laban gave him his daughter Rachel to be his wife.⁠ 29 (Laban gave his female servant Bilhah to his daughter Rachel to be her servant.) 30 Jacob slept with Rachel as well. He also loved Rachel more than Leah. Then he worked for Laban for seven more years.

The Birth of Jacob's Children

31 When the Lord saw that Leah was unloved, he enabled her to become pregnant while Rachel remained childless.⁠ 32 So Leah became pregnant and gave birth to a son. She named him Reuben, for she said, “The Lord has looked with pity on my oppressed condition. Surely my husband will love me now.” 33 She became pregnant again and had another son. She said, “Because the Lord heard that I was unloved, he gave me this one too.” So she named him Simeon. 34 She became pregnant again and had another son. She said, “Now this time my husband will show me affection, because I have given birth to three sons for him.” That is why he was named Levi. 35 She became pregnant again and had another son. She said, “This time I will praise the Lord.” That is why she named him Judah. Then she stopped having children.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 29:28 and Leviticus 18:18

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Genesis describes marriages that are later forbidden in Leviticus, such as Jacob marrying the sisters Leah and Rachel. Other stories show marriages with close relatives or foreigners, highlighting how these stories were not shaped by later rules.

Passages

Genesis 29:28

Hebrew Bible
28 Jacob did as Laban said. When Jacob completed Leah’s bridal week, Laban gave him his daughter Rachel to be his wife. 29 (Laban gave his female servant Bilhah to his daughter Rachel to be her servant.) 30 Jacob slept with Rachel as well. He also loved Rachel more than Leah. Then he worked for Laban for seven more years. 31 When the Lord saw that Leah was unloved, he enabled her to become pregnant while Rachel remained childless.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Leviticus 18:18

Hebrew Bible
17 You must not have sexual relations with both a woman and her daughter; you must not take as wife either her son’s daughter or her daughter’s daughter to have sexual relations with them. They are closely related to her—it is lewdness. 18 You must not take a woman in marriage and then marry her sister as a rival wife while she is still alive, to have sexual relations with her. 19 “‘You must not approach a woman in her menstrual impurity to have sexual relations with her.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

References

"... Although the rest of the Torah would not be intelligible without the background provided in the Book of Genesis, this work nevertheless constitutes a distinct and discrete unit within that literary corpus. Its individuality and antiquity are asserted in numerous ways ... Abraham married his half-sister, an act that is repeatedly forbidden in the law collections. Jacob was simultaneously married to two sisters, mothers of the tribes of Israel, a marriage arrangement that is outlawed in Leviticus 18:18. Judah and Tamar understand that the levirate obligation extends even to the father of the deceased, childless husband; but according to Deuteronomy 25:5–10, it is restricted to the brothers. Indeed, the offspring of the union of Judah and Tamar—which would later be considered an illicit union—becomes the ancestor of the royal line of David. And whereas intermarriage with foreigners, natives of Canaan, is prohibited in Exodus 34:16 and Deuteronomy 7:3, no such interdiction is either assumed or implied in the narratives of Genesis. Simeon and Levi voice no religious objection to the proposal of the Shechemites to intermarry with Jacob’s family. Their sole concern is the violation of their sister. Both Judah and Simeon married Canaanite women; and Joseph took to wife the daughter of an Egyptian priest, a union that produces two of the tribes of Israel. In general, religious differences between the patriarchs and foreigners are never a source of tension. The only sins attributed to non-Israelites are of the moral kind; idolatry, a major theme in the rest of the Bible, is never mentioned ..."
Nahum M Sarna, Genesis: The Traditional Hebrew Text with New JPS Translation (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1989), xv.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 29:28 and Leviticus 18:18

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