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Genesis

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Isaac Sends Jacob to Paddan-aram

Chapter 28

1 So Isaac called for Jacob and blessed him. Then he commanded him, “You must not marry a Canaanite woman! 2 Leave immediately for Paddan Aram! Go to the house of Bethuel, your mother’s father, and find yourself a wife there, among the daughters of Laban, your mother’s brother. 3 May the Sovereign God bless you! May he make you fruitful and give you a multitude of descendants! Then you will become a large nation. 4 May he give you and your descendants the blessing he gave to Abraham so that you may possess the land God gave to Abraham, the land where you have been living as a temporary resident.” 5 So Isaac sent Jacob on his way, and he went to Paddan Aram, to Laban son of Bethuel the Aramean and brother of Rebekah, the mother of Jacob and Esau.

Esau Marries Ishmael's Daughter

6 Esau saw that Isaac had blessed Jacob and sent him off to Paddan Aram to find a wife there. As he blessed him, Isaac commanded him, “You must not marry a Canaanite woman.” 7 Jacob obeyed his father and mother and left for Paddan Aram. 8 Then Esau realized that the Canaanite women were displeasing to his father Isaac. 9 So Esau went to Ishmael and married Mahalath, the sister of Nebaioth and daughter of Abraham’s son Ishmael, along with the wives he already had.

Jacob's Dream at Bethel

10 Meanwhile Jacob left Beer Sheba and set out for Haran. 11 He reached a certain place where he decided to camp because the sun had gone down. He took one of the stones and placed it near his head. Then he fell asleep in that place⁠ 12 and had a dream.⁠ He saw a stairway erected on the earth with its top reaching to the heavens.⁠ The angels of God were going up and coming down it⁠ 13 and the Lord stood at its top. He said, “I am the Lord, the God of your grandfather Abraham and the God of your father Isaac. I will give you and your descendants the ground you are lying on. 14 Your descendants will be like the dust of the earth, and you will spread out⁠ to the west, east, north, and south. And so all the families of the earth may receive blessings through you and through your descendants. 15 I am with you! I will protect you wherever you go and will bring you back to this land. I will not leave you until I have done what I promised you!” 16 Then Jacob woke up and thought, “Surely the Lord is in this place, but I did not realize it!”⁠ 17 He was afraid and said, “What an awesome place this is! This is nothing else than the house of God! This is the gate of heaven!”⁠ 18 Early in the morning Jacob took the stone he had placed near his head and set it up as a sacred stone.⁠ Then he poured oil on top of it.⁠ 19 He called that place Bethel, although the former name of the town was Luz. 20 Then Jacob made a vow, saying, “If God is with me and protects me on this journey I am taking and gives me food to eat and clothing to wear, 21 and I return safely to my father’s home, then the Lord will become my God. 22 Then this stone that I have set up as a sacred stone will be the house of God, and I will surely give you back a tenth of everything you give me.”⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 28:22 and 4Q213b 1 4

Hebrew Bible · Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Retellings

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Summary

In Genesis, Jacob vows to give God a tenth of everything he receives. In 4Q213b, a Dead Sea Scrolls copy of the Aramaic Levi Document, Jacob fulfills the vow by giving tithes to Levi, linking the promise to Levi’s priesthood.

Passages

Genesis 28:22

Hebrew Bible
18 Early in the morning Jacob took the stone he had placed near his head and set it up as a sacred stone. Then he poured oil on top of it. 19 He called that place Bethel, although the former name of the town was Luz. 20 Then Jacob made a vow, saying, “If God is with me and protects me on this journey I am taking and gives me food to eat and clothing to wear, 21 and I return safely to my father’s home, then the Lord will become my God. 22 Then this stone that I have set up as a sacred stone will be the house of God, and I will surely give you back a tenth of everything you give me.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

4Q213b 1 4

Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Retellings · Aramaic Levi c
2 [… And those seven departed from me,] and I awoke from my sleep. Then 3 [I said, “This is a vision, and so I am amazed that I should have any vision at all.”] And I hid this too in my heart, and to no one 4 [did I reveal it. And we went to my father Isaac, and he too blessed me in this way. Then,] when Jacob my father was tithing 5 [everything that he had, according to his vow, I was first at the head of] the priesthood, and to me, of all his sons, he gave 6 [an offering to God. He clothed me in the garment of the priesthood and consecrated me, and I became a priest of] the eternal God […]
160–60 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4Q213b

References

“... It seems likely that the vow refers to Jacob’s promise in Genesis 28:22 “. . . and of all that you give me, I will set aside a tithe for you” ( JPS; and see Jubilees 27:27). Later, the biblical story relates, God sent Jacob to Bethel to build the altar there, which he did (Genesis 35:1–5).47 According to Jubilees 31, Jacob urged his family to go to Bethel to fulfill his vow, building the altar and setting up a pillar “on the first of the seventh month” (Jubilees 31:3). Neither Genesis 35:1–5 nor Jubilees 31 mentions giving the tithe in this con- text. According to Jubilees 31:26, Jacob took his son to visit his par- ents, telling his father all his adventures, among them “the vow that he had made to the Lord, the vision that he had seen, that he had built an altar and everything was ready for offering the sacrifice before the Lord that he had vowed”. Issac refused to come because of his age, but sent Jacob’s mother with them, saying to him, “Be successful and carry out the vow that you made. Do not delay (in carrying out) your vow . . .” (verse 29). The following night Jacob stayed at Bethel, where “Levi dreamed that he—he and his sons— had been appointed and made into the priesthood of the Most High forever”. The next morning, on the 14th day of the seventh month, Jacob “gave a tithe of everything which had come with him—from people to animals, from money to all utensils and clothing. He gave a tithe of everything” (32:2). ...”
Jonas C. Greenfield, Michael E. Stone, and Esther Eshel, eds., The Aramaic Levi Document: Edition, Translation, Commentary, SVTP 19 (Leiden: Brill, 2004), 15.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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