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Genesis

About this book

The Testing of Abraham

Chapter 22

1 Some time after these things God tested Abraham.⁠ He said to him, “Abraham!” “Here I am!” Abraham replied.⁠ 2 God said, “Take your⁠ son—your only son, whom you love, Isaac—and go to the land of Moriah!⁠ Offer him up there as a burnt offering⁠ on one of the mountains which I will indicate to you.”⁠ 3 Early in the morning Abraham got up and saddled his donkey. He took two of his young servants with him,⁠ along with his son Isaac. When he had cut the wood for the burnt offering, he started out for the place God had spoken to him about. 4 On the third day Abraham caught sight of the place in the distance. 5 So he said to his servants, “You two stay here with the donkey while the boy and I go up there. We will worship and then return to you.”⁠ 6 Abraham took the wood for the burnt offering and put it on his son Isaac. Then he took the fire and the knife in his hand, and the two of them walked on together. 7 Isaac said to his father Abraham, “My father?” “What is it, my son?” he replied. “Here is the fire and the wood,” Isaac said, “but where is the lamb for the burnt offering?”⁠ 8 “God will provide for himself the lamb for the burnt offering, my son,” Abraham replied. The two of them continued on together. 9 When they came to the place God had told him about, Abraham built the altar there and arranged the wood on it. Next he tied up his son Isaac and placed him on the altar on top of the wood.⁠ 10 Then Abraham reached out his hand, took the knife,⁠ and prepared to slaughter his son.⁠ 11 But the angel of the Lord called to him from heaven, “Abraham! Abraham!” “Here I am!” he answered.⁠ 12 “Do not harm the boy!” the angel said. “Do not do anything to him, for now I know that you fear God⁠ because you did not withhold your son,⁠ your only son, from me.” 13 Abraham looked up and saw behind him a ram caught in the bushes by its horns.⁠ So he went over and got the ram and offered it up as a burnt offering instead of his son. 14 And Abraham called the name of that place “The Lord provides.” It is said to this day, “In the mountain of the Lord provision will be made.”⁠ 15 The angel of the Lord called to Abraham a second time from heaven 16 and said, “I solemnly swear by my own name, decrees the Lord, that because you have done this and have not withheld your son, your only son, 17 I will indeed bless you, and I will greatly multiply your descendants so that they will be as countless as the stars in the sky or the grains of sand on the seashore. Your descendants will take possession of the strongholds of their enemies. 18 Because you have obeyed me, all the nations of the earth will pronounce blessings on one another using the name of your descendants.” 19 Then Abraham returned to his servants, and they set out together for Beer Sheba where Abraham stayed.⁠

Nahor's Descendants

20 After these things Abraham was told, “Milcah also has borne children to your brother Nahor— 21 Uz the firstborn, his brother Buz, Kemuel (the father of Aram), 22 Kesed, Hazo, Pildash, Jidlaph, and Bethuel.” 23 (Now Bethuel became the father of Rebekah.) These were the eight sons Milcah bore to Abraham’s brother Nahor. 24 His concubine, whose name was Reumah, also bore him children—Tebah, Gaham, Tahash, and Maacah.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 22:9 and James 2:21

Hebrew Bible · New Testament

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Summary

James 2 is one of the earliest writings to reflect on Abraham binding Isaac, a story rarely mentioned elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible. Before later Rabbinic tradition, James uses it to show that Abraham’s faith was shown through his actions.

Passages

Genesis 22:9

Hebrew Bible
7 Isaac said to his father Abraham, “My father?” “What is it, my son?” he replied. “Here is the fire and the wood,” Isaac said, “but where is the lamb for the burnt offering?” 8 “God will provide for himself the lamb for the burnt offering, my son,” Abraham replied. The two of them continued on together. 9 When they came to the place God had told him about, Abraham built the altar there and arranged the wood on it. Next he tied up his son Isaac and placed him on the altar on top of the wood. 10 Then Abraham reached out his hand, took the knife, and prepared to slaughter his son. 11 But the angel of the Lord called to him from heaven, “Abraham! Abraham!” “Here I am!” he answered.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

James 2:21

New Testament
19 You believe that God is one; well and good. Even the demons believe that—and tremble with fear. 20 But would you like evidence, you empty fellow, that faith without works is useless? 21 Was not Abraham our father justified by works when he offered Isaac his son on the altar? 22 You see that his faith was working together with his works and his faith was perfected by works. 23 And the scripture was fulfilled that says, “Now Abraham believed God and it was counted to him for righteousness,” and he was called God’s friend.
80–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in James

References

"... What shocks the post-Reformation reader of James 2:21 is 'by works.' James says Abraham was justified — brought into a saving relationship with God or declared righteous by God — on the basis of his works. And James tells us exactly which work (singular) of Abraham's it was that justified him: 'when he offered his son Isaac on the altar.' We need to understand the 'binding' of Isaac in order to understand why James says Abraham was justified 'by works.' 'The extraordinary prominence of the story of the binding of Isaac in Genesis 22:1-19 in rabbinic Judaism,' Jon Levenson observes, 'stands in stark contrast to the utter absence of direct references to it anywhere else in the Hebrew Bible.' James fits somewhere along the line from the rather clear unimportance of the Aqedah to the obvious major significance of the Aqedah in later Judaism. To see where James fits, we need to sketch some of this evidence. It begins with Genesis 22:1-19, known for the haunting question of Isaac, 'Where is the lamb for a burnt offering?' and father Abraham's believing response, 'God himself will provide the lamb for a burnt offering, my son.' Attached to this scene is the angelic commentary on Abraham's faithfulness: 'Because you have done this, and have not withheld your son, your only son, I will indeed bless you ... because you have obeyed my voice' (22:16-18). The theme of the faithfulness of Abraham is found in Nehemiah 9:8 ('you found his heart faithful before you') but even more completely in Sirach 44:19-20 ..."
Scot McKnight, The Letter of James (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 2011), 248.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 22:9 and James 2:21

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