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Genesis

About this book

The Testing of Abraham

Chapter 22

1 Some time after these things God tested Abraham.⁠ He said to him, “Abraham!” “Here I am!” Abraham replied.⁠ 2 God said, “Take your⁠ son—your only son, whom you love, Isaac—and go to the land of Moriah!⁠ Offer him up there as a burnt offering⁠ on one of the mountains which I will indicate to you.”⁠ 3 Early in the morning Abraham got up and saddled his donkey. He took two of his young servants with him,⁠ along with his son Isaac. When he had cut the wood for the burnt offering, he started out for the place God had spoken to him about. 4 On the third day Abraham caught sight of the place in the distance. 5 So he said to his servants, “You two stay here with the donkey while the boy and I go up there. We will worship and then return to you.”⁠ 6 Abraham took the wood for the burnt offering and put it on his son Isaac. Then he took the fire and the knife in his hand, and the two of them walked on together. 7 Isaac said to his father Abraham, “My father?” “What is it, my son?” he replied. “Here is the fire and the wood,” Isaac said, “but where is the lamb for the burnt offering?”⁠ 8 “God will provide for himself the lamb for the burnt offering, my son,” Abraham replied. The two of them continued on together. 9 When they came to the place God had told him about, Abraham built the altar there and arranged the wood on it. Next he tied up his son Isaac and placed him on the altar on top of the wood.⁠ 10 Then Abraham reached out his hand, took the knife,⁠ and prepared to slaughter his son.⁠ 11 But the angel of the Lord called to him from heaven, “Abraham! Abraham!” “Here I am!” he answered.⁠ 12 “Do not harm the boy!” the angel said. “Do not do anything to him, for now I know that you fear God⁠ because you did not withhold your son,⁠ your only son, from me.” 13 Abraham looked up and saw behind him a ram caught in the bushes by its horns.⁠ So he went over and got the ram and offered it up as a burnt offering instead of his son. 14 And Abraham called the name of that place “The Lord provides.” It is said to this day, “In the mountain of the Lord provision will be made.”⁠ 15 The angel of the Lord called to Abraham a second time from heaven 16 and said, “I solemnly swear by my own name, decrees the Lord, that because you have done this and have not withheld your son, your only son, 17 I will indeed bless you, and I will greatly multiply your descendants so that they will be as countless as the stars in the sky or the grains of sand on the seashore. Your descendants will take possession of the strongholds of their enemies. 18 Because you have obeyed me, all the nations of the earth will pronounce blessings on one another using the name of your descendants.” 19 Then Abraham returned to his servants, and they set out together for Beer Sheba where Abraham stayed.⁠

Nahor's Descendants

20 After these things Abraham was told, “Milcah also has borne children to your brother Nahor— 21 Uz the firstborn, his brother Buz, Kemuel (the father of Aram), 22 Kesed, Hazo, Pildash, Jidlaph, and Bethuel.” 23 (Now Bethuel became the father of Rebekah.) These were the eight sons Milcah bore to Abraham’s brother Nahor. 24 His concubine, whose name was Reumah, also bore him children—Tebah, Gaham, Tahash, and Maacah.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 22:1 and Jubilees 17:16 and Sanhedrin 89b

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions · Rabbinic

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Summary

Jubilees and Rabbinic tradition in tractate Sanhedrin introduce an adversary in Genesis 22 that replaces God as the one who starts Abraham’s test. In Jubilees it is Mastema who doubts Abraham, and in tractate Sanhedrin it is Satan who questions him.
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Passages

Genesis 22:1

Hebrew Bible
1 Some time after these things God tested Abraham. He said to him, “Abraham!” “Here I am!” Abraham replied. 2 God said, “Take your son—your only son, whom you love, Isaac—and go to the land of Moriah! Offer him up there as a burnt offering on one of the mountains which I will indicate to you.” 3 Early in the morning Abraham got up and saddled his donkey. He took two of his young servants with him, along with his son Isaac. When he had cut the wood for the burnt offering, he started out for the place God had spoken to him about.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Jubilees 17:16

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
15 And in the seventh week, in the first year of it, [2003] in the first month in this jubilee, on the twelfth of this month, there were voices in heaven regarding Abraham, that he was faithful in all that He told him, and that he loved the Lord, and that in every affliction he was faithful. 16 And the prince Mastema came and said before God, 'Look, Abraham loves Isaac his son, and he delights in him above all things else; tell him to offer him as a burnt-offering on the altar, and You will see if he will do this command, and You will know if he is faithful in everything in which You test him. 17 And the Lord knew that Abraham was faithful in all his afflictions; for He had tested him through his country and with famine, and had tested him with the wealth of kings, and had tested him again through his wife, when she was torn (from him), and with circumcision; and had tested him through Ishmael and Hagar, his female servant, when he sent them away.
170–125 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jubilees

Sanhedrin 89b

Rabbinic · Babylonian Talmud
§ Apropos the binding of Isaac, the Gemara elaborates: It is written: “And it came to pass after these matters [hadevarim] that God tried Abraham” (Genesis 22:1). The Gemara asks: After what matters? How does the binding of Isaac relate to the preceding events? Rabbi Yoḥanan said in the name of Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra: This means after the statement [devarav] of Satan, as it is written: “And the child grew, and was weaned, and Abraham prepared a great feast on the day that Isaac was weaned” (Genesis 21:8). Satan said before the Holy One, Blessed be He: Master of the Universe, this old man, you favored him with a product of the womb, i.e., a child, at one hundred years of age. From the entire feast that he prepared, did he not have even one dove or one pigeon to sacrifice before You as a thanks-offering? God said to Satan: Did Abraham prepare the feast for any reason but for his son? If I say to him: Sacrifice your son before Me, he would immediately slaughter him. Immediately, after these matters, the verse states: “And God tried Abraham.”
450–550 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Sanhedrin

References

"... Jubilees 17:15–18 forms the beginning of a history of interpretation of Genesis 22:1. A comparable interpretation occurs in 4Q225, Philo Biblical Antiquities 32:1–4; b. Sanhedrin 89b, and Genesis Rabbah 55:4. These texts describe the events that precede the binding of Isaac, which is the direct cause for the test of Abraham. From several sides, doubts are cast upon Abraham’s true loyalty. In Jubilees 17:15–18 and 4Q225 prince Mastema doubts; according to him, Abraham is not willing to offer his only son. In Biblical Antiquities 32:1–4, all the angels were jealous of Abraham, and all the worshipping host envied him. In b. Sanhedrin 89b, Satan puts forward objections. According to him, Abraham has prepared many feasts, but he had not even a turtledove or a young bird to sacrifice to God. In Genesis Rabbah 55:4, objections against Abraham are put forward, first by Abraham himself, then by the ministering angels, and finally by the nations of the world. Although Abraham caused everyone to rejoice, he did not set aside a single bull or ram for God. Thus, in the course of the tradition, several instigators of the test of Abraham are mentioned, although the reasons why they object to Abraham are diverse ..."
Jacques T. A. G. M. van Ruiten, Abraham in the Book of Jubilees: The Rewriting of Genesis 11:26–25:10 in the Book of Jubilees 11:14–23:8, JSJSup 161 (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 211–212.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 22:1 and Jubilees 17:16 and Sanhedrin 89b

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